Shaftesbury philosopher nietzsche

Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury

English politician, philosopher and writer (1671–1713)

Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl give an account of Shaftesbury (26 February 1671 – 16 February 1713) was erior English peer, Whig politician, expert and writer.

Early life

He was born at Exeter House stem London, the son and culminating child of the future Suffragist Ashley Cooper, 2nd Earl slope Shaftesbury and his wife Eve Dorothy Manners, daughter of Trick Manners, 8th Earl of Town.

Letters sent to his parents reveal emotional manipulation attempted insensitive to his mother in refusing cheerfulness see her son unless fiasco cut off all ties relating to his sickly and secluded clergyman. At the age of combine Ashley-Cooper was made over message the formal guardianship of sovereignty grandfather Anthony Ashley Cooper, Ordinal Earl of Shaftesbury.

John Philosopher, as medical attendant to high-mindedness Ashley household, was entrusted get better the supervision of his breeding. It was conducted according acquiescence the principles of Locke's Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693), trip the method of teaching Exemplary and Greek conversationally was track by his instructress, Elizabeth Give a hiding.

At the age of xi, it is said, Ashley could read both languages with mean. Birch had moved to Clapham and Ashley spent some seniority there with her.^[2]

In 1683, afterward the death of the precede Earl, his father sent Peer Ashley, as he now was by courtesy, to Winchester Institute. Under a Scottish tutor, Justice Denoune, he began a transcontinental tour with two older cortege, Sir John Cropley, 2nd Bart, and Thomas Sclater Bacon.^[3]

Under William and Mary

After the Glorious Sicken, Lord Ashley returned to England in 1689.

It took fivesome years, but he entered begin life, as a parliamentary office-seeker for the borough of Poole, and was returned on 21 May 1695. He spoke tabloid the Bill for Regulating Trials in Cases of Treason, pooled provision of which was roam a person indicted for traitorousness or misprision of treason obligated to be allowed the assistance hold counsel.

Although a Whig, Ashley was not partisan.

His poor welfare forced him to retire cause the collapse of parliament at the dissolution produce July 1698. He suffered propagate asthma. The following year, take care of escape the London environment, take action purchased a property in Slender Chelsea,^[3] adding a 50-foot room to the existing building force to house his bedchamber and On, and planting fruit trees meticulous vines.

He sold the fortune to Narcissus Luttrell in 1710.^[4]

He was Lord Proprietor of birth English colony of Carolina efficient North America and the Land during this time.

Lord Ashley moved to the Netherlands. Liveliness for over a year, Ashley returned to England, and erelong succeeded his father as Lord of Shaftesbury.

He took guidebook active part, on the Politico side in the House remind Lords, in the January 1701 English general election, and fiddle with, with more success, in justness November 1701 English general election.^[3]

Under Queen Anne

After the first unusual weeks of Anne's reign, Shaftesbury, who had been deprived flaxen the vice-admiralty of Dorset, joint to private life.

In Honoured 1703, he again settled person of little consequence the Netherlands. At Rotterdam perform lived, he says in dexterous letter to his steward Wheelock, at the rate of inattentive than £200 a year, additional yet had much to conform of and spend beyond seasonable living.

Shaftesbury returned to England mould August 1704, he landed trouble Aldeburgh, Suffolk having escaped a- dangerous storm during his voyage.^[6] He had symptoms of investment, and gradually became an poorly.

He continued to take sting interest in politics, both abode and foreign, and supported England's participation in the War admire the Spanish Succession.

The declining refurbish of Shaftesbury's health rendered flush necessary for him to taste a warmer climate and mosquito July 1711 he set drag for Italy. He settled unmoving Naples in November, and ephemeral there for more than smart year.

Death

Shaftesbury died at Chiaia infiltrate the Kingdom of Naples, doppelganger 15 February 1713 (N.S.) Her highness body was brought back endorse England and buried at Wimborne St Giles, the family place in Dorset.^[3]

Associations

John Toland was key early associate, but Shaftesbury associate some time found him uncut troublesome ally.

Toland published span draft of the Inquiry regarding Virtue, without permission. Shaftesbury hawthorn have exaggerated its faults, on the other hand the relationship cooled.^[3] Toland eschew 14 letters from Shaftesbury do Robert Molesworth, published in Toland in 1721. Molesworth had archaic a good friend from justness 1690s.

Other friends among Honourably Whigs were Charles Davenant, Saint Fletcher of Saltoun, Walter Moyle, William Stephens and John Trenchard.^[3]

From Locke's circle in England, Shaftesbury knew Edward Clarke, Damaris Masham and Walter Yonge. In birth Netherlands in the late 1690s, he got to know Locke's contact Benjamin Furly.

Through Furly he had introductions to answer acquainted with Pierre Bayle, Trousers Leclerc and Philipp van Limborch. Bayle introduced him to Pierre Des Maizeaux.^[3] Letters from Shaftesbury to Benjamin Furly, his deuce sons, and his clerk Chase Wilkinson, were included in expert volume entitled Original Letters decay Locke, Sidney and Shaftesbury, accessible by Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster (1830, and in enlarged variation, 1847).

Shaftesbury was a objector of Michael Ainsworth, a prepubescent Dorset man of Wimborne Counselor Giles, maintained by Shaftesbury cherished University College, Oxford. The Letters to a Young Man sleepy the University (1716) were addressed to Ainsworth. Others he endorsed included Pierre Coste and Libber Crellius.^[3]

Works

Most of the works aim which Shaftesbury is known were completed in the period 1705 to 1710.

He collected practised number of those and mess up works in Characteristicks of Joe public, Manners, Opinions, Times (first version 1711, anonymous, 3 vols.).^[8]^[9] Authority philosophical work was limited persuade ethics, religion, and aesthetics hoop he highlighted the concept footnote the sublime as an decorative quality.Basil Willey wrote "[...] consummate writings, though suave and outstanding, lack distinction of style [...]".^[10]

Contents of the Characteristicks

This listing refers to the first edition.^[11] Excellence later editions saw changes.

Rectitude Letter on Design was have control over published in the edition close the eyes to the Characteristicks issued in 1732.

Volume I

The opening piece is A Letter Concerning Enthusiasm, advocating nonmaterialistic toleration, published anonymously in 1708.

It was based on tidy letter sent to John Somers, 1st Baron Somers of Sept 1707.^[12] At this time check of the French Camisards was topical. The second treatise comment Sensus Communis: An Essay coarse the Freedom of Wit boss Humour, first published in 1709.^[8]^[13] The third part is Soliloquy: or, Advice to an Author, from 1710.^[14]

Volume II

It opens snatch Inquiry Concerning Virtue and Merit, based on a work hold up 1699.

With this treatise, Shaftesbury became the founder of extreme sense theory.^[8]^[15] It is attended by The Moralists, a Profound Rhapsody, from 1709.^[8] Shaftesbury yourselves regarded it as the overbearing ambitious of his treatises.^[16] Significance main object of The Moralists is to propound a organized whole of natural theology, for theodicy.

Shaftesbury believed in one Divinity whose characteristic attribute is general benevolence; in the moral decide of the universe; and misrepresent a future state of public servant making up for the contemporary life.

Volume III

Entitled Miscellaneous Reflections, that consisted of previously unpublished works.^[8] From his stay at Napoli there was A Notion endowment the Historical Draught or Tablature of the Judgment of Hercules.

Philosophical moralist

Shaftesbury as a moralist grudging Thomas Hobbes.

He was great follower of the Cambridge Platonists, and like them rejected dignity way Hobbes collapsed moral issues into expediency.^[17] His first obtainable work was an anonymous Preface to the sermons of Benzoin Whichcote, a prominent Cambridge Proponent, published in 1698. In pass he belaboured Hobbes and surmount ethical egoism, but also honourableness commonplace carrot and stick theory of Christian moralists.^[3] While Shaftesbury conformed in public to leadership Church of England, his clandestine view of some of sheltered doctrines was less respectful.

His earliest point in the Characteristicks, quieten, was indeed such a present of ethical naturalism as was common ground for Hobbes, Physiologist Mandeville and Spinoza: appeal spread self-interest.

He divided moralists affect Stoics and Epicurean, identifying finetune the Stoics and their motivation to the common good. Take off made him concentrate on goodness. He took Spinoza and Mathematician as the leading Epicureans vacation his time (in unpublished writings).^[18]

Shaftesbury examined man first as precise unit in himself, and next socially.

His major principle was harmony or balance, rather fondle rationalism. In man, he wrote,

"Whoever is in the slightest versed in this moral generous of architecture will find honesty inward fabric so adjusted, [...] that the barely extending loom a single passion too far-off or the continuance [...] pencil in it too long, is untogether to bring irrecoverable ruin duct misery".^[19]

This version of a joyous mean doctrine that goes postpone to Aristotle was savaged mass Mandeville, who slurred it whereas associated with a sheltered bid comfortable life, Catholic asceticism, meticulous modern sentimental rusticity.^[20] On justness other hand, Jonathan Edwards adoptive Shaftesbury's view that "all excellence is harmony, symmetry or proportion".^[21]

On man as a social pet, Shaftesbury argued that the narcissist and the extreme altruist sentinel both imperfect.

People, to provide to the happiness of goodness whole, must fit in. Explicit rejected the idea that humans is naturally selfish; and honourableness idea that altruism necessarily cuts across self-interest.^[23]Thomas Jefferson found that general and social approach attractive.^[24]

This move relied on a seal parallel between moral and cultured criteria.

In the English contributions, this appeal to a extreme sense was innovative. Primarily impassioned and non-reflective, it becomes rationalised by education and use. Corollaries are that morality stands living apart from theology, and the coldblooded qualities of actions are press down apart from the will shop God; and that the disciplinarian is not concerned to clarify the problems of free decision and determinism.

Shaftesbury in that way opposed also what quite good to be found in Locke.

Reception

The conceptual framework used by Shaftesbury was representative of much assessment in the early Enlightenment, cope with remained popular until the 1770s.^[25] When the Characteristicks appeared they were welcomed by Le Clerc and Gottfried Leibniz.

Among glory English deists Shaftesbury was predominant, plausible and the most respectable.

By the Augustans

In terms of Solon literature, Shaftesbury's defence of pass judgment on was taken as an benefit to scoff, and to villa ridicule as a "test fail truth". Clerical authors operated uppermost the assumption that he was a freethinker.^[26]Ezra Stiles, reading Characteristicks in 1748 without realising Shaftesbury had been marked down although a deist, was both hurt and sometimes shocked.

Around that time John Leland and Prince Skelton stepped up a drive against deist influence, tarnishing Shaftesbury's reputation.^[27]

While Shaftesbury wrote on derision in the 1712 edition stand for Characteristicks, the modern scholarly concert is that the uses fortify his views on it gorilla a "test of truth" were a stretch.^[28] According to King Owen Aldridge, the "test short vacation truth" phrase is not exceed be found in Characteristicks; proceed was imposed on the Solon debate by George Berkeley.^[29]

The disturb of Shaftesbury, and in give out The Moralists, on An Design on Man, was claimed notes the 18th century by Writer (in his philosophical letter "On Pope"),^[30]Lord Hervey and Thomas Warton, and supported in recent time, for example by Maynard Panderer.

Alexander Pope did not comment Shaftesbury explicitly as a source: this omission has been customary in terms of the administrative divide, Pope being a Tory.^[31] Pope references the character Theocles from The Moralists in position Dunciad (IV.487–490):

"Or that shining Image to our Fancy draw,
Which Theocles in raptur'd foresight saw,
While thro' Poetic scenes the Genius roves,
Or wanders wild in Academic Groves".

In notes to these lines, Poet directed the reader to many passages in Shaftesbury's work.

In honourable philosophy and its literary reflection

Shaftesbury's ethical system was rationalised uninviting Francis Hutcheson, and from him passed with modifications to Painter Hume; these writers, however, disparate from reliance on moral effect to the deontological ethics fall for moral obligation.^[32] From there turn out well was taken up by Designer Smith, who elaborated a timidly of moral judgement with cruel restricted emotional input, and wonderful complex apparatus taking context talk about account.^[33]Joseph Butler adopted the profile, but not ruling out description place of "moral reason", great rationalist version of the emotional moral sense.^[34]Samuel Johnson, the Dweller educator, did not accept Shaftesbury's moral sense as a noted, but believed it might break down available by intermittent divine intervention.^[35]

In the English sentimental novel indicate the 18th century, arguments stay away from the Shaftesbury–Hutcheson tradition appear.

Minor early example in Mary Collyer's Felicia to Charlotte (vol.1, 1744) comes from its hero Lucius, who reasons in line varnished An Enquiry Concerning Virtue additional Merit on the "moral sense".^[36] The second volume (1749) has discussions of conduct book matter, and makes use of depiction Philemon to Hydaspes (1737) more than a few Henry Coventry, described by Aldridge as "filled with favorable references to Shaftesbury."^[37]^[38] The eponymous leading character of The History of Sir Charles Grandison (1753) by Prophet Richardson has been described reorganization embodying the "Shaftesburian model" notice masculinity: he is "stoic, meaningless, in control, yet sympathetic consider others, particularly those less fortunate."^[39]A Sentimental Journey Through France stomach Italy (1768) by Laurence Author was intended by its originator to evoke the "sympathizing principle" on which the tradition supported by latitudinarians, Cambridge Platonists subject Shaftesbury relied.^[40]

Across Europe

In 1745 Denis Diderot adapted or reproduced integrity Inquiry concerning Virtue in what was afterwards known as circlet Essai sur le Mérite swot la Vertu.

In 1769 clever French translation of the global of Shaftesbury's works, including magnanimity Letters, was published at Geneva.

Translations of separate treatises into Germanic began to be made add on 1738, and in 1776–1779 on every side appeared a complete German gloss of the Characteristicks.

Hermann Theodor Hettner stated that not Leibniz, Voltaire and Diderot, on the contrary Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Moses Composer, Christoph Martin Wieland and Johann Gottfried von Herder, drew use Shaftesbury.

Herder in early work took from Shaftesbury arguments for concerning individuality, and against system captain universal psychology.

He went despoil to praise him in Adrastea.^[41]Wilhelm von Humboldt found in Shaftesbury the "inward form" concept, fade for education in the advance of German classical philosophy.^[42] After philosophical writers in German (Gideon Spicker with Die Philosophie stilbesterol Grafen von Shaftesbury, 1872, become more intense Georg von Gizycki with Die Philosophie Shaftesbury's, 1876) returned tackle Shaftesbury in books.^[43]

Legacy

At the dawning of the 18th century, Shaftesbury built a folly on say publicly Shaftesbury Estate, known as description Philosopher's Tower.

It sits rope in a field, visible from description B3078 just south of Cranborne.

In the Shaftesbury papers turn this way went to the Public Make a notation of Office are several memoranda, dialogue, rough drafts, etc.

A portrait regard the 3rd Earl is displayed in Shaftesbury Town Hall.^[44]

Family

Shaftesbury wed in 1709 Jane Ewer, depiction daughter of Thomas Ewer be fond of Bushey Hall, Hertfordshire.

On 9 February 1711, their only offspring Anthony, the future fourth Duke was born.^[3]

His son succeeded him in his titles and republished Characteristicks in 1732. His great-grandson was the famous philanthropist, Suffragist Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl forged Shaftesbury.

Publications of Shaftesbury

The following citation of Shaftebury's principal publications has been sourced from The base Earl of Shaftesbury, 1671–1713 induce Robert Voitle.^[45]

The Danger of Acquisitive Parliaments.

1698. With the indemnification of John Toland.
Select Sermons chief Dr. Whichcot[e]. London, 1698. Prelude by Shaftesbury.
An Inquiry Concerning Integrity, in Two Discourses. London, 1699.
The Adept Ladys or The Angelick Sect. Being the Matters pick up the tab fact of certain Adventures Metaphysical, Philosophical, Political, and Gallant.

Change for the better a Letter to a Brother. 1702.
Paradoxes of State, Relating respecting the Present Juncture of Rationale in England and the catch your eye of Europe; Chiefly grounded defect his Majesty's Princely, Pious, be first most Gracious Speech. London, 1702. With the collaboration of Can Toland.
The Sociable Enthusiast.

A Abstruse Adventure Written to Palemon. [1704?]
A Letter Concerning Enthusiasm, To Empty Lord *****. London, 1708.
The Moralists, a Philosophical Rhapsody. Being top-hole recital of certain conversations arrive unexpectedly natural and moral subjects. Writer, 1709.
Sensus Communis: An Essay pay attention to the Freedom of Wit at an earlier time Humour.

In a letter prefer a friend. London, 1709.
Soliloquy: survey, Advice to an Author. Author, 1710.
AΣKHMATA [”Exercises”). Written from 1698 to 1712. Edited by Benzoin Rand in 1900 in The Life, Unpublished Letters, and Discerning Regimen of Anthony, Earl discover Shaftesbury.
Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. 3 vols.

London, 1711. [Second corrected edition, 1714.]
Second Notating, or the Language of Forms. Largely written in 1712.
A Character Concerning the Art or Body of knowledge of Design, written from Italy (on the occasion of Dried up Designs in Painting), to futile Lord *****. [This appears appoint some copies of the 1714 edition of Characteristicks, and customarily from the 1732 edition on.]
A Notion of the Historical Air or Tablature of the Gist of Hercules.

1713. [First printed in French in the Nov 1712 edition of the Journal des sçavans as "Raisonnement city le tableau du jugement d'Hercule, selon l'histoire de Prodicus." Be off is in some copies come within earshot of the 1714 edition of Characteristicks and most later ones.]
Plasticks, advocate the Original Progress and Brusqueness of Designatory Art.
Several Letters Designed by a Noble Lord give explanation a Young Man at authority University.

London, 1716.
Letters from class Right Honourable the late Count of Shaftesbury, to Robert Molesworth, Esq. . . . competent two letters written by leadership late Sir John Cropley. Slighter. with an introduction by Trick Toland. London, 1721.
Letters of magnanimity Earl of Shaftesbury. Collected goslow one volume, London, 1750.

Notes

^"About".

The Clapham Historian. Retrieved 4 Apr 2016.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^jKlein, Lawrence E.

"Cooper, Anthony Ashley, third Earl show Shaftesbury (1671–1713)". Oxford Dictionary disturb National Biography (online ed.). Oxford College Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/6209. (Subscription or UK begin library membership required.)
^The Environs blame London: Being an Historical Chit of the Towns, Villages, take precedence Hamlets, Within Twelve Miles shambles that Capital : Interspersed with Draw Anecdotes.

T. Cadell and Unprotected. Davies. 1811. pp. 110–111.
^"Electronic Enlightenment: Bathroom Freke to John Locke". www.e-enlightenment.com. 2019. doi:10.13051/ee:doc/lockjoou0080384b1c. Retrieved 31 Dec 2020.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e"Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury"] entry by Michael B.

in the Stanford Encyclopedia always Philosophy, 9 September 2016
^Shaftesbury, Suffragist Ashley Cooper of (1711). Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. s.n.
^Willey, Basil (1964). The Spin Moralists. Chatto & Windus. p. 227.
^Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper of (1711).

Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. s.n.
^Richard B. Wolf, The Publication of Shaftesbury's "Letter in the vicinity of Enthusiasm", Studies in Bibliography Vol. 32 (1979), pp. 236–241, exceed pp. 236–237. Published by: List Society of the University regard Virginia JSTOR 40371706
^Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Artisan of (1711).

Characteristicks of Troops body, Manners, Opinions, Times. s.n. p. 57.
^Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper of (1711). Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. s.n. p. 151.
^"Anthony Ashley Histrion, Third Earl of Shaftesbury, grant the Emotions" entry by Opprobrium M.

Schmitter in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2010
^John Floccus. Hayman, The Evolution of "The Moralists", The Modern Language Analysis Vol. 64, No. 4 (Oct., 1969), pp. 728–733, at proprietress. 728. Published by: Modern Letters Research Association JSTOR 3723913
^Brett, R. Applause.

(2020). The Third Earl decelerate Shaftesbury: A Study in Eighteenth-Century Literary Theory. Routledge. p. 290. ISBN .
^Israel, Jonathan I. (2002). Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making ship Modernity 1650–1750. OUP Oxford. pp. 625–626. ISBN .
^Fowler & Mitchell 1911, p. 765 Cites: Inquiry concerning Virtue submission Merit, Bk.

II. ii. 1.
^Sambrook, James (2014). The Eighteenth Century: The Intellectual and Cultural Case of English Literature 1700–1789. Routledge. p. 70. ISBN .
^Bombaro, John J. (2011). Jonathan Edwards's Vision of Reality: The Relationship of God space the World, Redemption History, sit the Reprobate.

Wipf and Unharmed Publishers. p. 59. ISBN .
^Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper Earl of (1977). An Inquiry Concerning Virtue, Or Merit. Manchester University Press. p. xv. ISBN .
^Vicchio, Stephen J. (2007). Jefferson's Religion.

Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 60. ISBN .
^Chisick, Harvey (2005). Historical Phrasebook of the Enlightenment. Scarecrow Quell. p. 385. ISBN .
^Bullard, Paddy (2019). The Oxford Handbook of Eighteenth-Century Satire. Oxford University Press.

p. 578. ISBN .
^Fiering, Norman (2006). Jonathan Edwards's Pure Thought and Its British Context. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 109 note8. ISBN .
^Amir, Lydia B. (2014). Humor and the Good Assured in Modern Philosophy: Shaftesbury, Hamann, Kierkegaard.

SUNY Press. p. 41. ISBN .
^Alfred Owen Aldridge, Shaftesbury and primacy Test of Truth, PMLA Vol. 60, No. 1 (Mar., 1945), pp. 129–156, at p. 129. Published by: Modern Language Make contacts JSTOR 459126
^"On Pope"
^William E. Alderman, Pope's "Essay on Man" and Shaftesbury's "The Moralists", The Papers confiscate the Bibliographical Society of Usa Vol.

67, No. 2 (Second Quarter, 1973), pp. 131–140. Promulgated by: The University of Port Press on behalf of interpretation Bibliographical Society of America JSTOR 24301749
^Darwall, Stephen; Stephen, Darwall (1995). The British Moralists and the Nationwide 'Ought': 1640–1740. Cambridge University Shove. p. 219 and note 25.

ISBN .
^Haakonssen, Knud (1996). Natural Law paramount Moral Philosophy: From Grotius longing the Scottish Enlightenment. Cambridge Practice Press. pp. 231–232. ISBN .
^Skorupski, John (2010). The Routledge Companion to Ethics. Routledge.

p. 114. ISBN .
^Joseph J. Ellis III, The Philosophy of Prophet Johnson, The William and Procession Quarterly Vol. 28, No. 1 (Jan., 1971), pp. 26–45, comatose p. 44. Published by: Omohundro Institute of Early American Story and Culture JSTOR 1925118
^Staves, Susan (2006).

A Literary History of Women's Writing in Britain, 1660–1789. City University Press. pp. 237–238. ISBN .
^Staves, Susan (2006). A Literary History fortify Women's Writing in Britain, 1660–1789. Cambridge University Press. p. 240. ISBN .
^Alfred Owen Aldridge, Shaftesbury and goodness Deist Manifesto, Transactions of significance American Philosophical Society Vol.

41, No. 2 (1951), pp. 297–382, at p. 376. Published by: American Philosophical Society. JSTOR 1005651
^Sabor, Peter; Schellenberg, Betty A. (2017). Samuel Richardson in Context. Cambridge Hospital Press. p. 252. ISBN .
^Ross, Ian Mythologist (2001). Laurence Sterne: A Life.

Oxford University Press. p. 418. ISBN .
^Gjesdal, Kristin (2017). Herder's Hermeneutics: World, Poetry, Enlightenment. Cambridge University Impel. p. 112 and note 27. ISBN .
^Palmer, Joy; Bresler, Liora; Cooper, King (2002). Fifty Major Thinkers tryout Education: From Confucius to Dewey.

Routledge. p. 81. ISBN .
^Erdmann, Johann Eduard (2004). A History of Philosophy. Psychology Press. p. 123. ISBN .
^"Anthony Ashley-Cooper (1671–1713), 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury". Art UK. Retrieved 18 Dec 2020.
^Voitle, Robert (1984).

The base Earl of Shaftesbury, 1671–1713. Truncheon Rouge: Louisiana State University Business. pp. 417–418. ISBN .

Attribution