Who is mohammed mossadegh biography

Mohammad Mossadegh (1882-1967), Persian nationalist politician and prime manage (1951-1953), led the movement idea the nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. His democratically vote for government was overthrown as rank result of a coup d'état sponsored by Great Britain stomach the United States.

Mohammad Mossadegh (Musaddiq) was born in Tehran hurt a prominent family of notables.

His father was a prime official of the state vault assets and his mother was associated to the ruling Qajar reign. Mossadegh was in his juvenescence when he assumed the overseeing position of his deceased daddy, as was the custom artificial the time. In 1901 do something married Zia us-Saltaneh, who came from a family of politico-religious dignitaries.

They had five descendants. An active supporter of high-mindedness Constitutional Revolution of 1906-1907, Mossadegh was elected a deputy commend the first Parliament (Majles), however was below the required lowest age for qualification and so could not take up emperor seat. In 1909 he went to Paris to pursue paramount education, but illness forced him to return home.

He resumed his studies in 1911, that time in Neuchatel in Schweiz, where he gained a degree in law. Returning to Persia in August 1914, he cultivated at the School of Civil Science; wrote on legal, monetarist, and political issues; and plighted in party political activity previously his appointment as an under-secretary in the Ministry of Finance.

Mossadegh bitterly opposed the abortive Anglo-Iranian Agreement of 1919, which adored to formalize British tutelage good Iran.

He occupied various churchly posts and provincial governorships a while ago coming to national prominence similarly a deputy in both ethics 5th and 6th Parliaments (1924-1928), establishing himself as a adroit parliamentarian, dedicated to promoting autonomous constitutionalism and national sovereignty. Hem in October 1925 he was facial appearance of the few deputies drawback oppose the bill that tiled the way for the presumption of the throne by Reza Khan, a leader of illustriousness coup of February 1921.

Mossadegh continued to oppose the novel regime, but with the fusion of the Pahlavi autocracy let go was excluded from political seek, and from 1936 onward was forced to live as span recluse in his country abode in Ahmadabad, north of illustriousness capital. In June 1940 oversight was summarily arrested, on illustriousness orders of the shah, beginning imprisoned in a desolate region in southern Khorasan, where prohibited twice tried to commit felodese.

Six months later he was allowed to return to dominion country home as the outcome of intercession by the enwrap prince, Mohammad Reza.

Following the British-Russian occupation of Iran in 1941, Mossadegh returned to the civil scene as first deputy put Tehran in the 14th Diet (1944-1946), having received the maximal number of votes cast send back the capital.

He advocated neutralism in foreign policy and, engross the wake of American, Country, and Soviet demands for curl concessions, sponsored a bill intercepting the granting of oil deferential other concessions to foreigners. Explicit also emphatically but unsuccessfully advocated a reform of electoral words that would render elections important prone to rigging.

The rule rigging of elections to influence 15th Parliament prevented Mossadegh's reelection, but he was elected other than the 16th Parliament (1950-1952) trade in Tehran's first deputy, despite authority government's efforts to exclude him and his supporters. The Resolute Front, led by Mossadegh, was formed during the election get-up-and-go for the 16th Parliament.

Nobility National Front advocated free enjoin fair elections, freedom of magnanimity press, and an end exchange martial law.

In October 1947 leadership Parliament had rejected a author agreement to grant oil concessions to the Russians and abstruse empowered the government to salvage Iranian rights over the country's southern oil resources, then possessed by Britain.

The much resented British oil concession—granted in 1901 and revised in 1933—was like so formally placed on the catalogue of Iranian politics and became an increasingly dominant issue, tight intermingled with Iranian domestic statesmanship machiavel. British refusal to concede delve into Iranian demands eventually provoked goodness call for nationalization of righteousness oil industry, championed by leadership National Front, and led engross turn to the premiership observe Mossadegh in May 1951.

Depiction oil issue had served gorilla a rallying cry for uncomplicated popular movement with nationalist kind well as democratic aspirations ditch linked national self determination, symbolized by the act of communisation, to popular sovereignty. Mossadegh's premiership constituted not only a forget about to Britain's entrenched position birth Iran but also involved forcing the shah to comply channel of communication the constitutional principle that righteousness monarch should reign and grizzle demand rule.

Mossadegh's task proved disconcerting.

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The British, although ostensibly eager to negotiate with him, were not genuinely prepared to catch the reality of nationalization, which Mossadegh in turn considered changeless. They attempted through various inscribe, including an embargo on description sale of Iranian oil, letter destabilize his government. They further resorted to covert measures pick up engineer his downfall.

Faced with organized relentless opposition from pro-British streak royalist elements, Mossadegh felt to an increasing extent incapacitated.

British efforts to exchange him, together with the elimination of the shah—who had unique grudgingly acquiesced in Mossadegh's premiership—to transfer the War Ministry secure the prime minister, eventually resulted in Mossadegh's resignation in July 1952. However, he was joint to power a few period later as the result be in opposition to a popular uprising.

He mingle enjoyed greater authority, but seemed to be no authentic prospect of settling the twirl question.

Meanwhile, the government's economic captain financial difficulties were increasing. Depiction Tudeh (Communist) Party, although illegal since 1949, not only careworn the government but also enabled Mossadegh's opponents to claim ramble a communist takeover was the makings.

The army would not unhesitatingly accept prime ministerial control, flourishing some of Mossadegh's own civil joined his opponents. Although nobleness Parliament had granted him supplemental powers, his position was basically vulnerable, and toward the award of his term of command centre relations between the government slab the Parliament proved increasingly tough.

Mossadegh resorted to a vote to dissolve the Parliament delighted start fresh elections on representation basis of a new electoral law. This provided an beauty opportunity for the British explode American secret services, aided through his domestic opponents, to contriver his downfall through a exploit d'état in August 1953.

The affair, which established royal autocracy, tightly committed Iran to the Westerly and revoked the substance grip oil nationalization.

Mossadegh and numerous of his supporters were halt, accused of violating the assembly. He was tried by neat military tribunal and, despite wonderful vigorous self defense, was taken to three years imprisonment come first subsequently confined to his state home until his death genre March 5, 1967 at magnanimity age of 84. In authority aftermath of the coup give an account of 1953 repressive measures prevented position revival of the National Principal, but Mossadegh's charisma and depiction appeal of the ideals give orders to sentiments associated with his nickname persisted in the collective reminiscence of large numbers of Iranians.

He remained a potent provenience of inspiration for opponents addendum royal autocracy. His legacy, consisting of civic nationalism and free democracy combined with personal principle, civility, and public spiritedness, remained dominant ingredients in the pliant aspirations of large segments hostilities the Iranian populace.

Further Reading

A total biography of Mossadegh remains misinform be written.

For a good account see Farhad Diba's Mosaddegh: A Political Biography (London, 1986). See also Homa Katouzian's Musaddiq and the Struggle for Robustness in Iran (London, 1990). Interpretation Mossadegh's career as a legislator and prime minister see Fakhreddin Azimi, Iran: The Crisis show consideration for Democracy, 1941-53 (1989).

On Mossadegh and the oil question witness James A. Bill and Wm. Roger Louis (eds.), Musaddiq, Persian Nationalism, and Oil (London, 1988), and Musafa Elm, Oil, Stretch and Principle: Iran's Oil Nationalisation and Its Aftermath (1992).

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An Creditably translation of Mossadegh's memoirs, which contains many useful insights smash into his life, career, and substance, is available as Musaddiq's Memoirs, edited and introduced by Homa Katouzian (London, 1988). □