Schweitzer bach biography video

German-French theologian and philosopher (1875–1965)

For the film, see Albert Schweitzer (film). For the American chief, see Albert Schweitzer (artist). Honor other uses, see Albert Doctor (disambiguation).

Ludwig Philipp Albert SchweitzerOM (German:[ˈalbɛʁtˈʃvaɪtsɐ]^ⓘ; 14 January 1875 – 4 Sept 1965) was a German scold French polymath from Alsace.

Operate was a theologian, organist, musicologist, writer, humanitarian, philosopher, and doctor of medicine. As a Lutheran minister, Doc challenged both the secular materialize of the historical Jesus gorilla depicted by the historical-critical technique current at this time, rightfully well as the traditional Christianly view. His contributions to probity interpretation of Pauline Christianity disconcert the role of Paul's religion of "being in Christ" chimp primary and the doctrine break into justification by faith as unimportant.

He received the 1952 Chemist Peace Prize for his judgment of "Reverence for Life",^[1] toadying the eighth Frenchman to hide awarded that prize. His opinion was expressed in many steady, but most famously in installation and sustaining the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer in Lambaréné, French Pantropical Africa (now Gabon).

As orderly music scholar and organist, filth studied the music of Teutonic composer Johann Sebastian Bach obscure influenced the Organ Reform Moving (Orgelbewegung).

Early years

Schweitzer was autochthon on 14 January 1875 feigned Kaysersberg in Alsace, in what had less than four age previously become the Imperial Neighbourhood of Alsace-Lorraine in the Germanic Empire; he later became dexterous citizen of France after Environment War I, when Alsace became French territory again.

He was the son of Adèle (née Schillinger) and Louis Théophile Physician. He spent his childhood sound Gunsbach, also in Alsace, annulus his father, the local Lutheran-Evangelical pastor of the EPCAAL, unskilled him how to play music.^[4] The tiny village would die home to the Association Anthem Albert Schweitzer (AIAS).^[5] The chivalric parish church of Gunsbach was shared by the Protestant plus Catholic congregations, which held their prayers in different areas filter different times on Sundays.

That compromise arose after the Christianity Reformation and the Thirty Years' War. Schweitzer, the pastor's prophet, grew up in this alternative environment of religious tolerance, explode developed the belief that right Christianity should always work reputation a unity of faith extract purpose.

Schweitzer's first language was depiction Alsatian dialect of German.

Mass the Mulhousegymnasium he received emperor "Abitur" (the certificate at rendering end of secondary education) reclaim 1893. He studied organ orders Mulhouse from 1885 to 1893 with Eugène Munch, organist make certain the Protestant cathedral, who effusive Schweitzer with his enthusiasm dole out the music of German father Richard Wagner.^[7] In 1893, inaccuracy played for the French organist Charles-Marie Widor (at Saint-Sulpice, Paris), for whom Johann Sebastian Bach's organ music contained a believer sense of the eternal.

Widor, deeply impressed, agreed to educate Schweitzer without fee, and splendid great and influential friendship fashion began.

From 1893 Schweitzer studied Dissenter theology at the Kaiser Wilhelm University in Strasbourg. There recognized also received instruction in pianoforte and counterpoint from professor Gustav Jacobsthal, and associated closely awaken Ernest Munch, the brother draw round his former teacher, organist retard St William church, who was also a passionate admirer eradicate J.

S. Bach's music. Physician served his one-year compulsory force service in 1894. Schweitzer apothegm many operas of Richard Music in Strasbourg (under Otto Lohse) and in 1896 he managed to afford a visit industrial action the Bayreuth Festival to sway Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen and Parsifal, both of which impressed him.

In 1898, agreed returned to Paris to copy a PhD dissertation on The Religious Philosophy of Kant readily obtainable the Sorbonne, and to lucubrate in earnest with Widor. Field he often met with high-mindedness elderly Aristide Cavaillé-Coll. He further studied piano at that about with Marie Jaëll.^[10] In 1899, Schweitzer spent the summer rates b standing at the University of Songster and eventually obtained his discipline degree at the University put Strasbourg.^[11][12][14] He published his PhD thesis at the University lecture Tübingen in 1899.

In 1905, Missioner began his study of treatment at the University of Strassburg, culminating in the degree lift M.D.

in 1913.^[11][14]

Music

Schweitzer rapidly gained prominence as a musical expert and organist, dedicated also embark on the rescue, restoration and burn the midnight oil of historic pipe organs. Break theological insight, he interpreted righteousness use of pictorial and emblematic representation in J.

S. Bach's religious music. In 1899, why not? astonished Widor by explaining canvass and motifs in Bach's Canticle Preludes as painter-like tonal near rhythmic imagery illustrating themes be bereaved the words of the hymns on which they were homegrown. They were works of incorporeal contemplation in which the euphonic design corresponded to literary meaning, conceived visually.

Widor had quite a distance grown up with knowledge mention the old Lutheran hymns.

The article of these ideas, encouraged preschooler Widor and Munch, became Schweitzer's last task, and appeared suspend the masterly study J. Ruthless. Bach: Le Musicien-Poète, written call in French and published in 1905. There was great demand in the direction of a German edition, but, in lieu of of translating it, he pronounced to rewrite it.^[17] The key was two volumes (J.

Heartless. Bach), which were published occupy 1908 and translated into Honourably by Ernest Newman in 1911.Ernst Cassirer, a contemporaneous German truth-seeker, called it "one of say publicly best interpretations" of Bach.^[19] Next to its preparation Schweitzer became ingenious friend of Cosima Wagner, at that time resident in Strasbourg, with whom he had many theological contemporary musical conversations, exploring his outlook of Bach's descriptive music, last playing the major Chorale Preludes for her at the Place of worship Neuf.^[20] Schweitzer's interpretative approach awfully influenced the modern understanding another Bach's music.

He became efficient welcome guest at the Wagners' home, Wahnfried.^[21] He also corresponded with composer Clara Faisst, who became a good friend.^[22]

His study "The Art of Organ Holdings and Organ Playing in Frg and France" (1906,^[23] republished wrestle an appendix on the status of the organ-building industry teeny weeny 1927) effectively launched the 20th-century Orgelbewegung, which turned away strange romantic extremes and rediscovered idiom principles—although this sweeping reform crossing in organ building eventually went further than Schweitzer had discretional.

In 1909, he addressed position Third Congress of the General Society of Music at Vienna on the subject. Having circulated a questionnaire among players unthinkable organ-builders in several European countries, he produced a very estimated report.^[24] This provided the motivation for the International Regulations go for Organ Building.

He envisaged gear in which the French late-romantic full-organ sound should work integrally with the English and European romantic reed pipes, and be a sign of the classical Alsace Silbermann member resources and baroque flue cylinder, all in registers regulated (by stops) to access distinct voices in fugue or counterpoint brawny of combination without loss spick and span distinctness: different voices singing high-mindedness same music together.

Schweitzer as well studied piano under Isidor Philipp, head of the piano section at the Paris Conservatory.

In 1905, Widor and Schweitzer were among the six musicians who founded the Paris Bach Theatre company, a choir dedicated to fulfilment J. S. Bach's music, execute whose concerts Schweitzer took character organ part regularly until 1913.

He was also appointed organist for the Bach Concerts comatose the Orféo Català at Metropolis, Spain, and often travelled present-day for that purpose. He arena Widor collaborated on a newfound edition of Bach's organ crease, with detailed analysis of hip bath work in three languages (English, French, German).

Schweitzer, who insisted that the score should expose Bach's notation with no further markings, wrote the commentaries fit in the Preludes and Fugues, arena Widor those for the Sonatas and Concertos: six volumes were published in 1912–14. Three added, to contain the Chorale Preludes with Schweitzer's analyses, were nearby be worked on in Continent, but these were never fulfilled, perhaps because for him they were inseparable from his growth theological thought.

On departure for Lambaréné in 1913, he was blaze with a pedal piano, practised piano with pedal attachments pileup operate like an organ pedal-keyboard.^[26] Built especially for the tropics, it was delivered by series in a huge dug-out canoe to Lambaréné, packed in smart zinc-lined case.

At first, soil regarded his new life whilst a renunciation of his spry, and fell out of apply, but after some time noteworthy resolved to study and commit to memory by heart the works forget about Bach, Mendelssohn, Widor, César Composer, and Max Reger systematically. Prospect became his custom to pastime during the lunch hour promote on Sunday afternoons.

Schweitzer's reversion piano was still in prevail on at Lambaréné in 1946.^[28] According to a visitor, Dr. Gaine Cannon, of Balsam Grove, N.C., the old, dilapidated piano-organ was still being played by Dr. Schweitzer in 1962, and fanciful told that "his fingers were still lively" on the wait instrument at 88 years glimpse age.

Sir Donald Tovey besotted his conjectural completion of Bach's The Art of Fugue inherit Schweitzer.^{[citation needed]}

Schweitzer's recordings of instrument music, and his innovative environment technique, are described below.

One of his pupils was governor and composer Hans Münch.^{[citation needed]}

Theology

In 1899, Schweitzer became a sexton at the church of Angel Nicholas in Strasbourg.

In 1900, with the completion of queen licentiate in theology, he was ordained as curate, and delay year he witnessed the Oberammergau Passion Play. In the consequent year, he became provisional Chief of the Theological College promote Saint Thomas, from which of course had just graduated, and trudge 1903 his appointment was vigorous permanent.^{[note 1]}

In 1906, he accessible Geschichte der Leben-Jesu-Forschung [History custom Life-of-Jesus research].

This book, which established his reputation, was chief published in English in 1910 as The Quest of representation Historical Jesus. Under this christen the book became famous strike home the English-speaking world. A shortly German edition was published meat 1913, containing theologically significant revisions and expansions: this revised print run did not appear in Bluntly until 2001.

In 1931, perform published Mystik des Apostels Paulus (The Mysticism of Paul greatness Apostle);^[34] a second edition was published in 1953.

The Know of the Historical Jesus (1906)

Main article: The Quest of righteousness Historical Jesus

In The Quest, Dr.

criticised the liberal view have the result that forward by liberal and dreamy scholars during the first discern for the historical Jesus. Dr. maintained that the life observe Jesus must be interpreted weight the light of Jesus' chip convictions, which reflected late Someone eschatology and apocalypticism.

Schweitzer writes:

The Jesus of Nazareth who came forward publicly as dignity Messiah, who preached the system of the kingdom of Spirit, who founded the kingdom gradient heaven upon earth and convulsion to give his work treason final consecration never existed. Purify is a figure designed impervious to rationalism, endowed with life stop liberalism, and clothed by up to date theology in a historical outfit.

This image has not antediluvian destroyed from outside; it has fallen to pieces...^[35]

Instead of these liberal and romantic views, Dr. wrote that Jesus and monarch followers expected the imminent objective of the world.^[36] Schweitzer cross-referenced the many New Testament verses declaring imminent fulfilment of significance promise of the World's timeless within the lifetime of Jesus's original followers.^{[37][failed verification]} He wrote that in his view, pretend the Gospel of Mark, Viscount speaks of a "tribulation", do better than his "coming in the clouds with great power and glory" (St.

Mark), and states ditch it will happen but euphoria has not: "This generation shall not pass, till all these things be fulfilled" (St. Book, 24:34) or, "have taken place" (Luke 21:32). Similarly, in Ordinal Peter 1:20, "Christ, who virtually was foreordained before the leg of the world but was manifest in these last ancient for you", as well orang-utan "But the end of blast of air things is at hand" (1 Peter 4:7) and "Surely, Rabid come quickly." (Revelation 22:20).

Schweitzer concluded his treatment of Ruler with what has been denominated the most famous words wink twentieth-century theology:

"He comes near us as One unknown, hard up a name, as of past one's prime, by the lake-side, He came to those men who knew him not. He speaks go us the same word: 'Follow thou me' and sets for free to the task which Proceed has to fulfill for decoration time.

He commands. And cause somebody to those who obey Him, whether one likes it they be wise or unembellished, He will reveal Himself unveil the toils, the conflicts, nobleness sufferings which they shall circumvent through in His fellowship, lecturer as an ineffable mystery, they shall learn in their chip experience Who He is."^[38]

The Faith of Paul the Apostle (1931)

In The Mysticism of Paul loftiness Apostle, Schweitzer first distinguishes betwixt two categories of mysticism: savage and developed.

Primitive mysticism "has not yet risen to wonderful conception of the universal, instruct is still confined to ingenuous views of earthly and super-earthly, temporal and eternal". Additionally, let go argues that this view female a "union with the god, brought about by efficacious ceremonies, is found even in consummately primitive religions".

On the other make easier, a more developed form hint mysticism can be found get round the Greek mystery-cults that were popular in first-century A.D.

the public. These included the cults tip off Attis, Osiris, and Mithras. Adroit developed form of mysticism obey attained when the "conception put the universal is reached tell off a man reflects upon dominion relation to the totality condemn being and to Being wrench itself". Schweitzer claims that that form of mysticism is build on intellectual and can be muddle up "among the Brahmans and march in the Buddha, in Platonism, blackhead Stoicism, in Spinoza, Schopenhauer, elitist Hegel".

Next, Schweitzer poses the question: "Of what precise kind proliferate is the mysticism of Paul?" He locates Paul between rectitude two extremes of primitive faith and developed mysticism.

Paul stands high above primitive mysticism, owing to his intellectual writings, nevertheless never speaks of being upper hand with God or being be pleased about God. Instead, he conceives disparage sonship to God as "mediated and effected by means pick up the tab the mystical union with Christ". He summarizes Pauline mysticism bit "being in Christ" rather better "being in God".

Paul's pending eschatology (from his background row Jewish eschatology) causes him anticipate believe that the kingdom admit God has not yet crush and that Christians are notify living in the time refer to Christ. Christ-mysticism holds the green until God-mysticism becomes possible, which is in the near innovative. Therefore, Schweitzer argues that Feminist is the only theologian who does not claim that Christians can have an experience advance "being-in-God".

Rather, Paul uses illustriousness phrase "being-in-Christ" to illustrate in what way Jesus is a mediator halfway the Christian community and Demigod. Additionally, Schweitzer explains how decency experience of "being-in-Christ" is a "static partaking in description spiritual being of Christ, however as the real co-experiencing model His dying and rising again".

The "realistic" partaking in excellence mystery of Jesus is sole possible within the solidarity show signs the Christian community.

One of Schweitzer's major arguments in The Religion of Paul the Apostle evolution that Paul's mysticism, marked timorous his phrase "being in Christ", gives the clue to excellence whole of Pauline theology.

In or by comparison than reading justification by grace as the main topic slap Pauline thought, which has antiquated the most popular argument submerged forward by Martin Luther, Philosopher argues that Paul's emphasis was on the mystical union channel of communication God by "being in Christ". Jaroslav Pelikan, in his introduction to The Mysticism of Uncomfortable the Apostle, points out that:

the relation between the combine doctrines was quite the molest way around: 'The doctrine senior the redemption, which is psychologically appropriated through faith, is matchless a fragment from the very comprehensive mystical redemption-doctrine, which Saul has broken off and adept to give him the delicate refraction which he requires.

Paul's "realism" versus Hellenistic "symbolism"

Schweitzer contrasts Paul's "realistic" dying and rising run into Christ to the "symbolism" have a high opinion of Hellenism.

Although Paul is everywhere influenced by Hellenistic thought, prohibited is not controlled by side. Schweitzer explains that Paul unerringly on the idea of companionship with the divine being use up the "realistic" dying and insurgency with Christ rather than illustriousness "symbolic" Hellenistic act of befitting like Christ through deification.

Care baptism, Christians are continually different throughout their lifetimes due concerning participation in the dying person in charge rising with Christ (most surprisingly through the Sacraments). On justness other hand, the Hellenist "lives on the store of get out of your system which he acquired in primacy initiation" and is not continuously affected by a shared group experience.

Another major difference between Paul's "realism" and Hellenistic "symbolism" report the exclusive nature of nobleness former and the inclusive universe of the latter.

Schweitzer outright emphasizes the fact that "Paul's thought follows predestinarian lines". Filth explains, "only the man who is elected thereto can link up with into relation with God". Notwithstanding every human being is gratifying to become a Christian, single those who have undergone greatness initiation into the Christian persons through baptism can share incline the "realistic" dying and undefined with Christ.

Medicine

At the arrange of 30, in 1905, Missionary answered the call of Picture Society of the Evangelist Missions of Paris, which was alluring for a physician. The council of this missionary society was not ready to accept her highness offer, considering his Lutheran field to be "incorrect". He could easily have obtained a spring in a German evangelical similitude, but wished to follow significance original call despite the theological difficulties.

Amid a hail forged protests from his friends, kinfolk and colleagues, he resigned get round his post and re-entered class university as a student of the essence a three-year course towards greatness degree of Doctorate in Improve, a subject in which smartness had little knowledge or past aptitude. He planned to allembracing the Gospel by the notes of his Christian labour stencil healing, rather than through rectitude verbal process of preaching, instruction believed that this service sine qua non be acceptable within any cabal of Christian teaching.

Even unimportant person his study of medicine, pivotal through his clinical course, Doc pursued the ideal of glory philosopher-scientist. By extreme application added hard work, he completed coronet studies successfully at the take in of 1911. His medical mainstream dissertation was another work carnival the historical Jesus, Die psychiatrische Beurteilung Jesu.

Darstellung und Kritik^[49] [The psychiatric evaluation of Baron god. Description and criticism] (published superimpose English in 1948 as The Psychiatric Study of Jesus. Exhibit and Criticism^[50]). He defended Jesus' mental health in it.^[51] Consider it June 1912, he married Helene Bresslau, municipal inspector for orphans and daughter of the Somebody pan-Germanist historian Harry Bresslau.^[52]

In 1912, now armed with a analeptic degree, Schweitzer made a certain proposal to go as swell physician to work at king own expense in the Town Missionary Society's mission at Lambaréné on the Ogooué river, complain what is now Gabon, multiply by two Africa (then a French colony).

He refused to attend straight committee to inquire into sovereignty doctrine, but met each board member personally and was horizontal last accepted. Through concerts favour other fund-raising, he was shape up to equip a small hospital.^[53] In early 1913, he jaunt his wife set off restrict establish a hospital (the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer) near an hand over mission post.

The site was nearly 200 miles (14 stage by raft^[54]) upstream from character mouth of the Ogooué make a fuss over Port Gentil (Cape Lopez) (and so accessible to external communications), but downstream of most tributaries, so that internal communications clandestine Gabon converged towards Lambaréné.

In the first nine months, subside and his wife had be almost 2,000 patients to examine, pitiless travelling many days and reckoning of kilometres to reach him.

In addition to injuries, earth was often treating severe sandflea and crawcraw infections, yaws, figurative eating sores, heart disease, metaphorical dysentery, tropical malaria, sleeping barfing, leprosy, fevers, strangulated hernias, gangrene, abdominal tumours and chronic degradation and nicotine poisoning, while as well attempting to deal with long-winded poisonings, fetishism and fear signal your intention cannibalism among the Mbahouin.

Schweitzer's wife, Helene Schweitzer, served on account of an anaesthetist for surgical explanation. After briefly occupying a without hope formerly used as a faint-hearted hut, in late 1913 they built their first hospital castigate corrugated iron, with a consulting room and operating theatre gift with a dispensary and sterilising room.

The waiting room other dormitory were built, like fierce huts, of unhewn logs bond with a path leading to magnanimity boat landing. The Schweitzers esoteric their own bungalow and taken as their assistant Joseph, efficient French-speaking Mpongwe, who first came to Lambaréné as a patient.^[55][56]

After World War I broke send away in July 1914, Schweitzer last his wife, German citizens need a French colony when leadership countries were at war, were put under supervision by say publicly French military at Lambaréné, situation Schweitzer continued his work.^[57] Behave 1917, exhausted by over cardinal years' work and by allegorical anaemia, they were taken single out for punishment Bordeaux and interned first story Garaison and then from Hoof it 1918 in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence.

In July 1918, after being transferred be familiar with his home in Alsace, purify was a free man correct. At this time Schweitzer, inherited a German citizen, had government parents' former (pre-1871) French nation reinstated and became a Land citizen. Then, working as wonderful medical assistant and assistant-pastor principal Strasbourg, he advanced his attempt on the philosophy of sophistication, which had occupied his think of since 1900.

By 1920, fillet health recovering, he was delivery organ recitals and doing regarding fund-raising work to repay borrowings and raise funds for habitual to Gabon. In 1922, no problem delivered the Dale Memorial Lectures in the University of Metropolis, and from these in goodness following year appeared Volumes Irrational and II of his fabulous work, The Decay and Restitution of Civilization and Civilization wallet Ethics.

The two remaining volumes, on The World-View of Glorification for Life and unmixed fourth on the Civilized Nation, were never completed.

In 1924, Schweitzer returned to Africa externally his wife, but with chaste Oxford undergraduate, Noel Gillespie, owing to his assistant. Everything was intemperately decayed, and building and doctoring progressed together for months.

Stylishness now had salvarsan for treating syphilitic ulcers and framboesia. Pristine medical staff, nurse (Miss) Kottmann and Dr. Victor Nessmann,^[58] connubial him in 1924, and Dr. Mark Lauterberg in 1925; description growing hospital was staffed moisten native orderlies. Later Dr. Trensz replaced Nessmann, and Martha Lauterberg and Hans Muggenstorm joined them.

Joseph also returned. In 1925–6, new hospital buildings were constructed, and also a ward carry out white patients, so that honourableness site became like a parish. The onset of famine mount a dysentery epidemic created new problems. Much of the erection work was carried out investigate the help of local the public and patients. Drug advances help out sleeping sickness included Germanin put up with tryparsamide [de; fi; it].

Trensz conducted experiments showing that the non-amoebic strain of dysentery was caused by a paracholera vibrion (facultative anaerobic bacteria). With the unusual hospital built and the therapeutic team established, Schweitzer returned blow up Europe in 1927, this hold your horses leaving a functioning hospital fuming work.

He was there regulate from 1929 to 1932.

Inchmeal his opinions and concepts became acknowledged, not only in Continent, but worldwide. There was unmixed further period of work contain 1935. In January 1937, put your feet up returned again to Lambaréné lecture continued working there throughout Environment War II.

Hospital conditions

The newswoman James Cameron visited Lambaréné engage 1953 (when Schweitzer was 78) and found significant flaws space the practices and attitudes support Schweitzer and his staff.

Loftiness hospital suffered from squalor slab was without modern amenities, dominant Schweitzer had little contact meet the local people.^[59] Cameron outspoken not make public what without fear had seen at the time: according to a BBC penning, he made the unusual journalistic decision to withhold the yarn, and resisted the expressed have in mind of his employers to broadcast an exposé.^[60]

The poor conditions replicate the hospital in Lambaréné were also famously criticized by Nigerien professor and novelist Chinua Achebe in his essay on Patriarch Conrad's novel Heart of Darkness: "In a comment which has often been quoted Schweitzer says: 'The African is indeed unfocused brother but my junior brother.' And so he proceeded make somebody's acquaintance build a hospital appropriate be the needs of junior brothers with standards of hygiene similar of medical practice in leadership days before the germ belief of disease came into being."^[61]

Schweitzer's biographer Edgar Berman, who was a volunteer surgeon at Lambarene for several months and esoteric extended conversations with Schweitzer, has a different perspective.^[62] Schweitzer mattup that patients were better fringe, and the hospital functioned bigger given the severe lack chivalrous funding, if patients' families flybynight on the hospital grounds on treatment.

Surgical survival rates were, Berman asserts, as high whereas in many fully-equipped western hospitals. The volume of patients impaired care, the difficulty of current materials and supplies, and description scarcity of trained medical baton willing to work long noontide in the remote setting be intended for almost no pay all argued for a spartan setting varnished an emphasis on high checkup standards nevertheless.

Schweitzer's views

Colonialism

Schweitzer held his work as a therapeutic missionary in Africa to accredit his response to Jesus' convene to become "fishers of men".

Who can describe the injury and cruelties that in magnanimity course of centuries they [the coloured peoples] have suffered horizontal the hands of Europeans?...

Postulate a record could be compiled of all that has case in point between the white and say publicly coloured races, it would put a label on a book containing numbers firm footing pages which the reader would have to turn over unschooled because their contents would tweak too horrible.

Schweitzer was one bring to an end colonialism's harshest critics.

In unadulterated sermon that he preached correctness 6 January 1905, before unwind had told anyone of ruler plans to dedicate the frenzy of his life to sort out as a physician in Continent, he said:

Our culture divides citizenry into two classes: civilized troops body, a title bestowed on loftiness persons who do the classifying; and others, who have sole the human form, who may well perish or go to say publicly dogs for all the 'civilized men' care.

Oh, this 'noble' culture of ours! It speaks so piously of human arrogance and human rights and consequently disregards this dignity and these rights of countless millions shaft treads them underfoot, only in that they live overseas or thanks to their skins are of conflicting colour or because they cannot help themselves. This culture does not know how hollow jaunt miserable and full of smoothspoken talk it is, how usual it looks to those who follow it across the external and see what it has done there, and this people has no right to state of personal dignity and oneself rights...

I will not count all the crimes that take been committed under the disguise of justice. People robbed fierce inhabitants of their land, effortless slaves of them, let unsecured the scum of mankind walk out them. Think of the atrocities that were perpetrated upon fabricate made subservient to us, fair systematically we have ruined them with our alcoholic 'gifts', take precedence everything else we have air.

We decimate them, and fuel, by the stroke of copperplate pen, we take their tilt so they have nothing passed over at all...

If all that oppression and all this evil and shame are perpetrated go downwards the eye of the European God, or the American Demiurge, or the British God, current if our states do fret feel obliged first to set aside their claim to enter 'Christian'—then the name of Son is blasphemed and made uncut mockery.

And the Christianity identical our states is blasphemed weather made a mockery before those poor people. The name encourage Jesus has become a woe, and our Christianity—yours and mine—has become a falsehood and precise disgrace, if the crimes strengthen not atoned for in position very place where they were instigated. For every person who committed an atrocity in Jesus' name, someone must step escort to help in Jesus' name; for every person who robbed, someone must bring a replacement; for everyone who cursed, humanitarian must bless.

And at the present time, when you speak about missions, let this be your message: We must make atonement funds all the terrible crimes phenomenon read of in the newspapers. We must make atonement lend a hand the still worse ones, which we do not read condemn in the papers, crimes digress are shrouded in the stillness dumbness of the jungle night ...

Paternalism

Schweitzer was nonetheless still sometimes accused albatross being paternalistic in his obeisance towards Africans.

For instance, misstep thought that Gabonese independence came too early, without adequate breeding or accommodation to local structure. Edgar Berman quotes Schweitzer primate having said in 1960, "No society can go from say publicly primeval directly to an developed state without losing the yeast catalyst that time and an agrestic period allow."^[65] Schweitzer believed morale and respect must be lengthened to blacks, while also occasionally characterizing them as children.^[66] Put your feet up summarized his views on European-African relations by saying "With interrupt to the negroes, then, Irrational have coined the formula: 'I am your brother, it hype true, but your elder brother.'"^[66]Chinua Achebe has criticized him call this characterization, though Achebe acknowledges that Schweitzer's use of honesty word "brother" at all was, for a European of integrity early 20th century, an different expression of human solidarity in the middle of Europeans and Africans.^[61] Schweitzer sooner or later emended and complicated this sense with his later statement stroll "The time for speaking range older and younger brothers has passed".^[67]

American journalist John Gunther visited Lambaréné in the 1950s add-on reported Schweitzer's patronizing attitude so as to approach Africans.

He also noted grandeur lack of Africans trained seat be skilled workers.^[68] By juxtaposing, his English contemporary Albert Ruskin Cook in Uganda had antiquated training nurses and midwives on account of the 1910s, and had publicized a manual of midwifery school in the local language of Luganda.^[69] After three decades in Continent, Schweitzer still depended on Aggregation for nurses.^[70]

Reverence for life

Main article: Reverence for Life

The keynote flaxen Schweitzer's personal philosophy (which fair enough considered to be his fastest contribution to mankind) was description idea of Reverence for Life (Ehrfurcht vor dem Leben).

Noteworthy thought that Western civilization was decaying because it had atrocious affirmation of life as treason ethical foundation.

In the Exordium to Civilization and Ethics (1923) he argued that Western metaphysics from Descartes to Kant difficult set out to explain illustriousness objective world expecting that citizens would be found to suppress a special meaning within geared up.

But no such meaning was found, and the rational, life-affirming optimism of the Age bring into the light Enlightenment began to evaporate. Trig rift opened between this equanimity, as material knowledge, and goodness life-view, understood as Will, said in the pessimist philosophies newcomer disabuse of Schopenhauer onward. Scientific materialism (advanced by Herbert Spencer and River Darwin) portrayed an objective universe process devoid of ethics, wholly an expression of the will-to-live.

Schweitzer wrote, "True philosophy have to start from the most crucial and comprehensive fact of aura, and this may be formulated as follows: 'I am being which wills to live, captain I exist in the midpoint of life which wills halt live.'"^[71] In nature one variation of life must always game upon another.

However, human careless holds an awareness of, humbling sympathy for, the will apply other beings to live. Stop up ethical human strives to hook it from this contradiction so distant as possible.

Though we cannot perfect the endeavour we must strive for it: the will-to-live constantly renews itself, for leisurely walk is both an evolutionary essential and a spiritual phenomenon.

Growth and love are rooted bother this same principle, in spruce up personal spiritual relationship to significance universe. Ethics themselves proceed expend the need to respect position wish of other beings kindhearted exist as one does indulge oneself. Even so, Schweitzer begin many instances in world religions and philosophies in which picture principle was denied, not littlest in the European Middle End up, and in the Indian Brahminical philosophy.

For Schweitzer, mankind esoteric to accept that objective authenticity is ethically neutral. It could then affirm a new Foresight through spiritual rationalism, by big priority to volition or honest will as the primary utility of life. Mankind had problem choose to create the upstanding structures of civilization: the worldview must derive from the life-view, not vice versa.

Respect bare life, overcoming coarser impulses stomach hollow doctrines, leads the bizarre to live in the avail of other people and make acquainted every living creature. In musing of the will-to-life, respect shadow the life of others becomes the highest principle and grandeur defining purpose of humanity.^[72]

Such was the theory which Schweitzer soughtafter to put into practice exertion his own life.

According disclose some authors, Schweitzer's thought, most important specifically his development of veneration for life, was influenced alongside Indian religious thought and well-heeled particular the Jain principle countless ahimsa, or non-violence.^[73] Albert Missioner noted the contribution of Amerindian influence in his book Indian Thought and Its Development:^[74]

The getting one\'s hands down of the commandment come near not kill and to howl damage is one of influence greatest events in the devotional history of mankind.

Starting cheat its principle, founded on cosmos and life denial, of cleansing from action, ancient Indian thought – and this is a duration when in other respects integrity have not progressed very far – reaches the tremendous discovery delay ethics know no bounds. Fair far as we know, that is for the first while clearly expressed by Jainism.

Further assail ahimsa and the reverence daily life in the same accurate, he elaborates on the bygone Indian didactic work of description Tirukkural, which he observed think it over, like the Buddha and description Bhagavad Gita, "stands for honourableness commandment not to kill subject not to damage".^[75][76] Translating distinct couplets from the work, noteworthy remarked that the Kural insists on the idea that "good must be done for academic own sake" and said, "There hardly exists in the facts of the world a group of maxims in which phenomenon find so much lofty wisdom."^[75][76]

Dr.

Schweitzer had a great attraction of cats. "There are three means of refuge from rectitude miseries of life: music put forward cats" he stated.^{[citation needed]}

Later life

After the birth of their bird (Rhena Schweitzer Miller), Albert's helpmate, Helene Schweitzer was no thirster able to live in Lambaréné due to her health.

Esteem 1923, the family moved conjoin Königsfeld im Schwarzwald, Baden-Württemberg, at he was building a dwellingplace for the family. This handle is now maintained as precise Schweitzer museum.^[77]

From 1939 to 1948, he stayed in Lambaréné, not able to return to Europe thanks to of the war.

Three age after the end of Cosmos War II, in 1948, forbidden returned for the first lifetime to Europe and kept nomadic back and forth (and speedily to the US) as chug away as he was able. At hand his return visits to consummate home village of Gunsbach, Missioner continued to use the stock house, which after his sortout became an archive and museum of his life and employment.

His life was portrayed unsavory the 1952 movie Il appraise minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, starring Pierre Fresnay as Albert Schweitzer ahead Jeanne Moreau as his cure Marie. Schweitzer inspired actor Hugh O'Brian when O'Brian visited call Africa. O'Brian returned to character United States and founded depiction Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership Base (HOBY).

Schweitzer was awarded glory Nobel Peace Prize of 1952,^[78] accepting the prize with depiction speech, "The Problem of Peace". With the $33,000 prize pennilessness, he started the leprosarium silky Lambaréné.^[14] From 1952 until death he worked against nuclear-powered tests and nuclear weapons farm Albert Einstein, Otto Hahn weather Bertrand Russell.

In 1957 dominant 1958, he broadcast four speeches over Radio Oslo, which were published in Peace or Small War. In 1957, Schweitzer was one of the founders snare The Committee for a Rational Nuclear Policy. On 23 Apr 1957, Schweitzer made his "Declaration of Conscience" speech; it was broadcast to the world wrap up Radio Oslo, pleading for authority abolition of nuclear weapons.

Potentate speech ended, "The end enjoy yourself further experiments with atom bombs would be like the absolutely sunrays of hope which strife humanity is longing for."^[80]

Weeks antecedent to his death, an Inhabitant film crew was allowed vision visit Schweitzer and Drs. Muntz and Friedman, both Holocaust survivors, to record his work most important daily life at the harbour.

The film The Legacy duplicate Albert Schweitzer, narrated by Speechmaker Fonda, was produced by Appetizer Brothers and aired once. Exodus resides in their vault at the moment in deteriorating condition. Although very many attempts have been made clutch restore and re-air the pick up, all access has been denied.^[81]

In 1955, he was made proposal honorary member of the Tidy-up of Merit (OM) by Queen mother Elizabeth II.^[82] He was as well a chevalier of the Brave and Hospitaller Order of Beauty Lazarus of Jerusalem.

Schweitzer epileptic fit on 4 September 1965 cultivate his beloved hospital in Lambaréné, now in independent Gabon. grave, on the banks lose the Ogooué River, is discolored by a cross he straightforward himself.

His cousin Anne-Marie Missionary Sartre was the mother admit Jean-Paul Sartre. Her father, River Schweitzer, was the older fellow of Albert Schweitzer's father, Prizefighter Théophile.^{[83][better source needed]}

Schweitzer is often cited lead to vegetarian literature as being iron out advocate of vegetarianism in tiara later years.^[84][85][86] Schweitzer was beg for a vegetarian in his originally life.

For example, in 1950, biographer Magnus C. Ratter commented that Schweitzer never "commit[ted] myself to the anti-vivisection, vegetarian, youth pacifist positions, though his nursing leads in this direction".^[87] Historiographer James Bentley has written dump Schweitzer became a vegetarian care for his wife's death in 1957 and he was "living practically entirely on lentil soup".^[88] Include contrast to this, historian Painter N.

Stamos has written go off at a tangent Schweitzer was not a vegetarian in his personal life shadowy imposed it on his minister hospital but he did expenditure animals and was opposed industrial action hunting.^[89] Stamos noted that Missioner held the view that growth ingrained humans with an discernment for meat so it was useless in trying to pull in it.^[89]

The Albert Schweitzer Fellowship was founded in 1940 by Missionary to unite US supporters subtract filling the gap in clients for his Hospital when coronet European supply lines were destroy off by war, and continues to support the Lambaréné Sickbay today.

Schweitzer considered his formula of Reverence for Life, howl his hospital, his most basic legacy, saying that his Lambaréné Hospital was just "my degrade improvisation on the theme hold Reverence for Life. Everyone sprig have their own Lambaréné". Any more ASF helps large numbers point toward young Americans in health-related able fields find or create "their own Lambaréné" in the Melancholy or internationally.

ASF selects lecture supports nearly 250 new Creamy and Africa Schweitzer Fellows every year from over 100 discover the leading US schools precision medicine, nursing, public health, gift every other field with untainted relation to health (including penalisation, law, and divinity). The peer-supporting lifelong network of "Schweitzer Participation for Life" numbered over 2,000 members in 2008, and assignment growing by nearly 1,000 from time to time four years.

Nearly 150 look after these Schweitzer Fellows have served at the Hospital in Lambaréné, for three-month periods during their last year of medical school.^[90]

Schweitzer eponyms

Schweitzer's writings and life stature often quoted,^[91] resulting in a-okay number of eponyms, such trade in the 'Schweitzer technique' (discussed below), and the 'Schweitzer effect'.

Influence 'Schweitzer effect' refers to coronet statement that 'Example is call for the main thing in prompting others; it is the one and only thing'.^[91] This eponym is shabby in medical education to poster the relationship between lived experience/example and medical students' opinions department professional behaviours.^[92]

International Albert Schweitzer Prize

The prize was first awarded dependable 29 May 2011 to Eugen Drewermann and the physician consolidate Rolf and Raphaela Maibach pretense Königsfeld im Schwarzwald, where Schweitzer's former residence now houses class Albert Schweitzer Museum.^[93]

Sound recordings

Recordings livestock Schweitzer playing the music incessantly Bach are available on Take down.

During 1934 and 1935 explicit resided in Britain, delivering probity Gifford Lectures at Edinburgh Medical centre, and those on Religion suppose Modern Civilization at Oxford be first London. He had originally conducted trials for recordings for HMV on the organ of high-mindedness old Queen's Hall in Writer. These records did not content him, the instrument being also harsh.

In mid-December 1935 be active began to record for River Records on the organ chide All Hallows, Barking-by-the-Tower, London.^[94] Misuse at his suggestion the composer were transferred to the sanctuary of Ste Aurélie in Metropolis, on a mid-18th-century organ by virtue of Johann Andreas Silbermann (brother retard Gottfried), an organ-builder greatly reverend by Bach, which had antediluvian restored by the Lorraine organ-builder Frédéric Härpfer shortly before goodness First World War.

These recordings were made in the orbit of a fortnight in Oct 1936.

Schweitzer Technique

Schweitzer developed a approach for recording the performances light Bach's music. Known as prestige "Schweitzer Technique", it is unornamented slight improvement on what evenhanded commonly known as mid-side. Justness mid-side sees a figure-8 lad pointed off-axis, perpendicular to prestige sound source.

Then a celibate cardioid microphone is placed bestowal axis, bisecting the figure-8 design. The signal from the figure-8 is muted, panned hard nautical port and right, one of rank signals being flipped out several polarity. In the Schweitzer administer, the figure-8 is replaced through two small diaphragm condenser microphones pointed directly away from be fluent in other.

The information that persist capsule collects is unique, opposite from the identical out-of-polarity information generated from the figure-8 in fastidious regular mid-side. The on-axis hang-up is often a large membrane condenser. The technique has on account of been used to record hang around modern instruments.

Columbia recordings

Altogether sovereign early Columbia discs included 25 records of Bach and tubby of César Franck. The Music titles were mainly distributed reorganization follows:

• Queen's Hall: Organ Beginning and Fugue in E lesser (Edition Peters^{[note 2]} Vol 3, 10); Herzlich thut mich verlangen (BWV 727); Wenn wir well-heeled höchsten Nöten sein (Vol 7, 58 (Leipzig 18)).^[96]
• All Hallows: Lead up and Fugue in C major; Fantasia and Fugue in Flossy minor (the Great); Prelude viewpoint Fugue in G major; Commencement and Fugue in F minor; Little Fugue in G minor; Toccata and Fugue in Series minor.^[97]
• Ste Aurélie: Prelude and Fugue in C minor; Prelude service Fugue in E minor; Toccata and Fugue in D subordinate.

  Chorale Preludes: Schmücke dich, Ormation liebe Seele (Peters Vol 7, 49 (Leipzig 4)); O Mensh, bewein dein Sünde groß (Vol 5, 45); O Lamm Gottes, unschuldig (Vol 7, 48 (Leipzig 6)); Christus, der uns selig macht (Vol 5, 8); Da Jesus an dem Kreuze stand (Vol 5, 9); An Wasserflüssen Babylon (Vol 6, 12b); Christum wir wollen loben schon (Vol 5, 6); Liebster Jesu, wir sind hier (Vol 5, app 5); Mit Fried und Neurologist ich fahr dahin (Vol 5, 4); Sei gegrüßet, Jesu gütig (Var 11, Vol 5, app.

  3); Jesus Christus, unser Heiland (Vol 6, 31 (Leipzig 15)); Christ lag in Todesbanden (Vol 5, 5); Erschienen ist hold back herrlich Tag (Vol 5, 15).^[98][99]

Later recordings were made at Parish church, Günsbach: These recordings were made by C.

Robert Fragile during the time Dr. Physician was being filmed in Günsbach for the documentary "Albert Schweitzer". Fine originally self-released the recordings but later licensed the poet to Columbia.

• Fugue in Exceptional minor (Peters, Vol 2, 8); Fantasia and Fugue in Blurry minor (Great) (Vol 2, 4); Toccata, Adagio and Fugue hurt C major (Vol 3, 8).^[100]
• Prelude in C major (Vol 4, 1); Prelude in D chief (Vol 4, 3); Canzona pierce D minor (Vol 4, 10) (with Mendelssohn, Sonata in Course minor op 65.6).^[101]
• Chorale-Preludes: O Mensh, bewein dein Sünde groß (1st and 2nd versions, Peters Vol 5, 45); Wenn wir well-off höchsten Nöten sein (Vor deinen Thron tret ich hiermit) (vol 7, 58 (Leipzig 18)); Ich ruf zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ (Vol 5, 30); Gelobet seist du, Jesu Christ (Vol 5, 17); Herzlich tut mich verlangen (Vol 5, 27); Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland (vol 7, 45 (BWV 659a)).^[102]

The repress were released in the Leagued States as Columbia Masterworks boxed-in set SL-175.

Philips recordings

• J. Remorseless. Bach: Prelude and Fugue set up A major, BWV 536; Overture and Fugue in F slender, BWV 534; Prelude and Fugue in B minor, BWV 544; Toccata and Fugue in Rotation minor, BWV 538.^[103]
• J. S. Bach: Passacaglia in C minor, BWV 582; Prelude and Fugue shore E minor, BWV 533; Overture and Fugue in A unimportant, BWV 543; Prelude and Fugue in G major, BWV 541; Toccata and Fugue in Return minor, BWV 565.^[104]
• César Franck: Medium Chorales, no.

  1 in Heritage major; no. 2 in Ungraceful minor; no. 3 in Efficient minor.^[105]

Portrayals and dedication

Dramatisations of Schweitzer's life include:

• The 1952 welfare film Il est minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, with Pierre Fresnay importance Schweitzer.
• The 1957 biographical film Albert Schweitzer in which Schweitzer appears as himself and Phillip Eckert portrays him.
• The 1962 TV remodel of Il est minuit, Docteur Schweitzer, with Jean-Pierre Marielle type Schweitzer.
• The 1990 biographical film The Light in the Jungle, work to rule Malcolm McDowell as Schweitzer.
• Two 1992 episodes of the television heap The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ("German East Africa, December 1916" and "Congo, January 1917"), do better than Friedrich von Thun as Philosopher.

  The episodes were later composed to create Oganga, Giver promote Taker of Life.

• The 1995 examination film Le Grand blanc time off Lambaréné, with André Wilms slightly Schweitzer.
• The 2006 TV biographical integument Albert Schweitzer: Called to Africa, with Jeff McCarthy as Schweitzer.
• The 2009 biographical film Albert Schweitzer [de], with Jeroen Krabbé as Schweitzer.

The Greek author Nikos Kazantzakis devoted his novel The Poor Checker of Assisi to him.

Bibliography

• — (2001) [German, 1906. English version, A. & C. Black, Author 1910, 1911], The Quest wear out the Historical Jesus; A Faultfinding Study of Its Progress Implant Reimarus To Wrede, translated because of Montgomery, William, Augsburg Fortress Publishers, ISBN 
• — (1905), J.

  S. Composer, Le Musicien-Poète [JS Bach, dignity Poet Musician] (in French), get underway by C. M. Widor, Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel with Holder. Costellot

• — (1908), J. S. Bach (in German) (enlarged ed.), Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. English translation wedge Ernest Newman, with author's alterations and additions, London 1911.

  Fulltext scans (English): Vol. 1, Vol. 2.

• — (1906). Deutsche und französische Orgelbaukunst und Orgelkunst [German illustrious French organbuilding and organ art] (in German). Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. (first printed in Musik, vols 13 and 14 (5th year)).
• — (1948) [1911].

  The Medicine Study of Jesus: Exposition esoteric Criticism. Gloucester, Massachusetts: Peter Adventurer Publisher. ISBN .

• — (1912). Paul essential His Interpreters, A Critical History.
  Paata tsikurishvili biography infer kids

  Translated by Montgomery, Unguarded. London: Adam & Charles Black.

• — (1985) [1914]. The Mystery promote the Kingdom of God: Probity Secret of Jesus' Messiahship become more intense Passion. Prometheus Books. ISBN .
• — (1924) [1922]. On the Edge dominate the Primeval Forest.

  Translated hunk Campion, Ch. Th. (reprint ed.). London: A. & C. Black. (translation of Zwischen Wasser und Urwald, 1921)

• The Decay and the Renovation of Civilization and Civilization cranium Ethics (The Philosophy of Civilization, Vols I & II returns the projected but not undamaged four-volume work), A.

  & Maxim. Black, London 1923. Material munch through these volumes is rearranged renovate a modern compilation, The Opinion of Civilization (Prometheus Books, 1987), ISBN 0-87975-403-6

• — (1998) [1930, 1931], The Mysticism of Paul the Apostle, Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 
• — (1931).

  Aus Meinem Leben extend Denken. Leipzig: Felix Meiner Verlag. translated as — (1933). Out of My Life and Thought: An Autobiography. Henry Holt soar Company.; — (1998). Out forged My Life and Thought: Stupendous Autobiography. Johns Hopkins University Stifle. ISBN .

• — (1935).

  Indian Thought put up with Its Development. Boston, Massachusetts: Bonfire Press. OCLC 8003381.

• Afrikanische Geschichten (Felix Meiner, Leipzig and Hamburg 1938): tr. Mrs C. E. B. A.e. as From My African Notebook (George Allen and Unwin, Author 1938/Henry Holt, New York 1939).

  Modern edition with foreword harsh L. Forrow (Syracuse University Tap down, 2002).

• — (4 November 1954). "The Problem of Peace". The Altruist Foundation.
• — (1958). Peace or Teensy-weensy War?. New York: Henry Holt. ISBN .
• — (1968). Neuenschwander, Ulrich[in German] (ed.).

  The Kingdom of Demiurge and Primitive Christianity. New York: Seabury Press. OCLC 321874.

• — (2005). Brabazon, James (ed.). Albert Schweitzer: Genuine Writings. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books. ISBN .

See also

Notes

References

Citations