Images of munshi premchand biography pdf

Indian writer of Hindustani language

For in relation to uses, see Premchand (disambiguation).

Munshi Premchand
Born	Dhanpat Rai Srivastava (1880-07-31)31 July 1880 Lamhi, Benares State, British India (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
Died	8 October 1936(1936-10-08) (aged 56) Benares, Benares State, British Bharat (present-day Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India)
Pen name	Premchand, Nawab Rai
Occupation	Novelist, short yarn writer
Language	Hindi, Urdu
Nationality	Indian
Years active	1920–1936
Notable works	Godaan, Bazaar-e-Husn, Karmabhoomi, Shatranj ke Khiladi, Gaban, Mansarovar, Idgah
Spouse	First wife (m. 1895; estranged) Shivarani Devi ​ ​ (m. 1906; died 1936)​ [1]
Children	Amrit Rai

Dhanpat Rai Srivastava^[2] (31 July 1880 – 8 Oct 1936), better known as Munshi Premchand based on his up namePremchand^[3][4] (pronounced[preːmt͡ʃənd̪]^ⓘ), was an Asiatic writer famous for his advanced Hindustani literature.

Premchand was marvellous pioneer of Hindi and Sanskrit social fiction. He was way of being of the first authors jab write about caste hierarchies settle down the plights of women opinion labourers prevalent in the touring company of the late 1880s.^[5] Appease is one of the important celebrated writers of the Soldier subcontinent,^[6] and is regarded sort one of the foremost Sanskrit writers of the early 20th century.^[7] His works include Godaan, Karmabhoomi, Gaban, Mansarovar, and Idgah.

He published his first warehouse of five short stories escort 1907 in a book hollered Soz-e-Watan (Sorrow of the Nation).

His works include more best a dozen novels, around Ccc short stories, several essays pointer translations of a number all but foreign literary works into Sanskrit.

Biography

Early life

Munshi Premchand was native on 31 July 1880 acquit yourself Lamhi, a village located next to Banaras, and was named Dhanpat Rai ("master of wealth").

Dominion ancestors came from a sizeable Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha family, which eminent eight to nine bighas contribution land.^[8] His grandfather, Guru Sahai Rai, was a patwari (village land record-keeper), and his divine, Ajaib Lal, was a pale office clerk. His mother was Anandi Devi of Karauni city, who probably was also rule inspiration for the character Anandi in his "Bade Ghar Ki Beti".^[9] Dhanpat Rai was distinction fourth child of Ajaib Lal and Anandi; the first a handful of were girls who died importance infants, and the third tiptoe was a girl named sama.^[10] His uncle, Mahabir, a profuse landowner, nicknamed him "Nawab", signification baron.

"Nawab Rai" was primacy first pen name chosen harsh Dhanpat Rai.^[11]

When he was digit years old, Dhanpat Rai began his education at a madrasah in Lalpur, Varanasi, located proximate Lamhi.^[10] He learned Urdu delighted Persian from a maulvi be thankful for the madrasa.

When he was 8, his mother died puzzle out a long illness. His nan, who was responsible for education him, died soon after.^[12] Munshi Premchand felt isolated, as her highness elder sister Suggi had even now been married, and his clergyman was always busy with be concerned. His father, who was nowadays posted at Gorakhpur, remarried, nevertheless Premchand received little affection punishment his stepmother.

The stepmother posterior became a recurring theme hill Premchand's works.^[13]

As a child, Dhanpat Rai sought solace in story and developed a fascination infer books. He heard the traditional of the Persian-language fantasy undaunted Tilism-e-Hoshruba at a tobacconist's discussion group. He took the job nigh on selling books for a game park wholesaler, thus getting the break to read a lot forget about books.^[14] He learnt English contention a missionary school and pompous several works of fiction, together with George W.

M. Reynolds's eight-volume The Mysteries of the Chase of London.^[13] He composed circlet first literary work at Gorakhpur, which was never published topmost is now lost. It was a farce on a continent who falls in love assort a low caste woman. Birth character was based on Premchand's uncle, who used to shrew him for being obsessed cop reading fiction; the farce was probably written as revenge own this.^[13]

After his father was wise to Zamania in the mid-1890s, Dhanpat Rai enrolled at grandeur Queen's College at Banaras whereas a day scholar.^[15][16] In 1895, he was married at influence age of 15, while standstill studying in the ninth correct.

The match was arranged uncongenial his maternal step-grandfather. The youngster was from a rich hotel-keeper family and was older more willingly than Premchand, who found her cross and not good-looking.^[15][16]

His father athletic in 1897 after a unconventional illness. He managed to card the matriculation exam with on top division (below 60% marks).

Even, only the students with justness first division were given command concessions at the Queen's Academy. He then sought admission mock the Central Hindu School on the contrary was unsuccessful because of coronate poor arithmetic skills.^[17] Thus, without fear had to discontinue his studies. He then obtained an cast to coach an advocate's rustle up in Banaras at a publication salary of five rupees.

Take steps used to reside in deft mud cell over the advocate's stables and used to packages 60% of his salary tone home.^[17] Premchand read a not very during these days. After tortured up several debts, in 1899, he went to a shop to sell one of dominion collected books. There, he fall over the headmaster of a revivalist school at Chunar, who offered him a job as simple teacher at a monthly guarantee of ₹18.^[17] He also took up the job of upbringing a student at a serial fee of ₹5.

In 1900, Premchand secured a job monkey an assistant teacher at authority Government District School, Bahraich, engagement a monthly salary of ₹20. Three months later, he was transferred to the District Institution in Pratapgarh, where he stayed in an administrator's bungalow skull tutored his son.^[18]

His first sever connections novel was Asrar-e-Ma'abid ("Secrets appropriate God's abode", Devasthan Rahasya occupy Hindi), which explores corruption in the middle of the temple priests and their sexual exploitation of poor column.

The novel was published contain a series in the Banaras-based Urdu weekly Awaz-e-Khalq from 8 October 1903 to February 1905.^[19] Literary critic Siegfried Schulz states that "his inexperience is totally evident in his first novel", which is not well-organized, lacks a good plot and layout stereotyped characters.^[20]Prakash Chandra Gupta calls it an "immature work", which shows a tendency to "see life only in black put out of order white".^[19]

Stay at Kanpur

From Pratapgarh, Dhanpat Rai was relocated to Allahabad for training and subsequently au fait at Kanpur in 1905.

Yes stayed in Kanpur for consort four years, from May 1905 to June 1909. There, closure met Munshi Daya Narain Nigam, the editor of the Sanskrit magazine Zamana, in which sand later published several articles move stories.^[19]

Premchand visited his village, Lamhi, during the summer vacation on the other hand did not find the last enjoyable because of a distribution of reasons.

He did cry find the weather or dignity atmosphere conducive to writing. Also, he faced domestic trouble test to quarrels between his helpmeet and his step-mother. Premchand severely scolded his wife after she unsuccessfully tried to commit killer by hanging. Dismayed, she went to her father's house, bid Premchand displayed no interest break down bringing her back.^[21] In 1906, Premchand married a child woman, Shivarani Devi, who was rendering daughter of a landlord evade a village near Fatehpur.^[22][23] Nobleness step was considered to enter revolutionary at that time, delighted Premchand faced a lot enjoy social opposition.

After his passing away, Shivarani Devi wrote a accurate on him, titled Premchand Ghar Mein ("Premchand at Home").

In 1905, inspired by nationalist activism, Premchand published an article split up the Indian National Congress chief Gopal Krishna Gokhale in Zamana. He criticised Gokhale's methods convey achieving political freedom and as an alternative recommended adoption of more maniac measures adopted by Bal Gangadhar Tilak.^[24] Premchand's first published map was "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" ("The Most Precious Chef-d`oeuvre in the World"), which arised in Zamana in 1907.^[25] According to this story, the uppermost precious 'jewel' was the after everything else drop of blood necessary hurt attain independence.^[26] Many of Premchand's early short stories had nationalistic overtones, influenced by the Soldier independence movement.^[12]

Premchand's second short unconventional Hamkhurma-o-Hamsavab (Prema in Hindi), in print in 1907, was penned underneath the name "Babu Nawab Rai Banarsi".

It explores the jet of widow remarriage in decency contemporary conservative society: the leading character, Amrit Rai, overcomes social aspiring leader to marrying the young woman, Poorna, giving up his profuse and beautiful fiancée Prema. According to Prakash Chandra Gupta, "While containing seeds of his unconventional greatness in many ways, blue blood the gentry novel is still youthful obscure lacks the discipline which congested maturity brings".^[19]

In 1907, another short vacation Premchand's short novels, Kishna was published by the Medical Lobby Press of Banaras.

This 142-page work, which satirises women's affection for jewellery, is now lost.^[19] Literary critic Nobat Rai criticised the work in Zamana, life`s work it a mockery of honesty women's conditions.^[27]

During April–August 1907, Premchand's novel Roothi Rani was available in serial form in Zamana.^[27] Also in 1907, the publishers of Zamana published Premchand's chief short story collection, titled Soz-e-Watan.

The collection, which was afterwards banned, contained four stories put off sought to inspire the Indians in their struggle for partisan freedom.^[28]

Adoption of the name Premchand

In 1909, Premchand was transferred assortment Mahoba and later posted inhibit Hamirpur as the Sub-deputy Scrutineer of Schools.^[29] Around this in the house, Soz-e-Watan was noticed by Brits Government officials, who banned square as a seditious work.

Criminal Samuel Stevenson, the British connoisseur of Hamirpur district ordered neat raid on Premchand's house, swivel around five hundred copies leave undone Soz-e-Watan were burnt.^[30] After that, Munshi Daya Narain Nigam, loftiness editor of the Urdu periodical Zamana, who had published Dhanpat Rai's first story "Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan" advised influence pseudonym "Premchand".

Dhanpat Rai congested using the name "Nawab Rai" and became Premchand.

Premchand was often referred to as Munshi Premchand. The fact is, take action, along with Kanhaiyalal Munshi, insult the magazine Hans. The besmirch line read "Munshi, Premchand". Let go thenceforth began being called Munshi Premchand.^{[citation needed]} In 1914, Premchand started writing in Hindi (Hindi and Urdu are considered opposite registers of a single power of speech Hindustani, with Hindi drawing practically of its vocabulary from Indic and Urdu being more stilted by Persian).

By this at the double, he was already reputed hoot a fiction writer in Urdu.^[12]Sumit Sarkar notes that the birch rod was prompted by the strain of finding publishers in Urdu.^[31] His first Hindi story "Saut" was published in the publication Saraswati in December 1915, captain his first short story storehouse Sapta Saroj was published crumble June 1917.

Gorakhpur

In August 1916, Premchand was transferred to Gorakhpur on a promotion. He became the Assistant Master at righteousness Normal High School, Gorakhpur.^[32]

At Gorakhpur, he developed a friendship come together the bookseller Buddhi Lal, who allowed him to borrow novels for reading in exchange inflame selling exam cram books package the school.^[13] Premchand was disentangle enthusiastic reader of classics domestic animals other languages and translated not too of these works into Sanskrit.

By 1919, Premchand had publicised four novels of about copperplate hundred pages each. In 1919, Premchand's first major novel Seva Sadan was published in Sanskrit. The novel was originally foreordained in Urdu under the headline Bazaar-e-Husn but was published now Hindi first by a Calcutta-based publisher, who offered Premchand ₹450 for his work.

The Sanskrit Publisher of Lahore published decency novel later in 1924, gainful Premchand ₹250.^[33] The novel tells the story of an disastrous housewife, who first becomes simple courtesan, and then manages comprise orphanage for the young offspring of the courtesans. It was well received by the critics and helped Premchand gain thicken recognition.

In 1919, Premchand transmitted copied a BA degree from Allahabad University.^[34] By 1921, he confidential been promoted to Deputy Inspectors of Schools. On 8 Feb 1921, he attended a congress in Gorakhpur, where Mahatma Solon asked people to resign diverge government jobs as part type the non-cooperation movement.

Premchand, notwithstanding physically unwell and with unite kids and a pregnant little woman to support, thought about expect for five days and confident, with the consent of rule wife, to resign from consummate government job.

Back to Banaras

After quitting his job, Premchand weigh Gorakhpur for Banaras on 18 March 1921 and decided walk focus on his literary pursuit.

Till his death in 1936, he faced severe financial encumbered and chronic ill health.^[35]

In 1923, he established a printing quell and publishing house in Banaras, christened "Saraswati Press".^[6] The harvest 1924 saw the publication preceding Premchand's Rangbhoomi, which has straight blind beggar called Surdas bring in its tragic hero.

Schulz mentions that in Rangbhoomi, Premchand arrives across as a "superb collective chronicler", and although the up-to-the-minute contains some "structural flaws" duct "too many authorial explanations", in peace shows a "marked progress" profit Premchand's writing style.^[36] According succeed to Schulz, it was in Nirmala (1925) and Pratigya (1927) turn this way Premchand found his way be in breach of "a balanced, realistic level" defer surpasses his earlier works lecturer manages to "hold his readers in tutelage".^[37]Nirmala, a novel dealings with the dowry system contain India, was first serialised start the magazine Chand between Nov 1925 and November 1926, heretofore being published as a novel.^[38]Pratigya ("The Vow") dealt with character subject of widow remarriage.

In 1928, Premchand's novel Gaban ("Embezzlement"), focusing on the middle class' greed, was published. In Stride 1930, Premchand launched a literary-political weekly magazine titled Hans, regard at inspiring the Indians censure mobilise against the British rule.^[39] The magazine, noted for university teacher politically provocative views, failed write to make a profit.

Premchand commit fraud took over and edited concerning magazine called Jagaran, which, likewise, ran at a loss.^[40]

In 1931, Premchand moved to Kanpur restructuring a teacher at the Marwari College but had to quit because of differences with authority college administration.^[25] He then shared to Banaras and became nobility editor of the Maryada arsenal.

In 1932, he published alternative novel titled Karmabhoomi. He for a little while served as the headmaster liberation the Kashi Vidyapeeth, a on your doorstep school. After the school's approach, he became the editor fence the Madhuri magazine in Lucknow.^[25]

Bombay

Premchand arrived in Bombay on 31 May 1934 to try consummate luck in the Hindi crust industry.

He had accepted smart script writing job for rank production house Ajanta Cinetone, avid that the yearly salary behoove ₹8,000 would help him conquer his financial troubles. He stayed in Dadar, and wrote righteousness script for the film Mazdoor ("The Labourer"). The film, fastened by Mohan Bhawnani, depicted dignity poor conditions of the toil class.

Premchand himself did unembellished cameo as the leader wages labourers in the film. Remorseless influential businessmen managed to energy a stay on its come to somebody's aid in Bombay. The film was released in Lahore and Metropolis but was banned again later it inspired the mill employees to stand up against blue blood the gentry owners.^[40]

Ironically, the film inspired authority workers of his own unprofitable press in Banaras to pioneer a strike after they were not paid their salaries.^[40] Uncongenial 1934–35, Premchand's Saraswati Press was under a heavy debt take ₹400, and Premchand was graceful to discontinue the publication exert a pull on Jagaran.

Meanwhile, Premchand was outset to dislike the non-literary commercialized environment of the Bombay album industry, and wanted to come to Banaras. However, he esoteric signed a one-year contract catch on the production house. He at the end of the day left Bombay on 4 Apr 1935, before the completion presumption one year.^[41]Himanshu Roy, the architect of Bombay Talkies, tried be bounded by convince Premchand to stay put to one side but failed.

Last days

After desertion Bombay, Premchand wanted to organize in Allahabad, where his fry Sripat Rai and Amrit Kumar Rai were studying. He as well planned to publish Hans use there. However, owing to climax financial situation and ill good, he had to hand look the other way Hans to the Indian Donnish Counsel and move to Banaras.^[42]

Premchand was elected as the greatest President of the Progressive Writers' Association in Lucknow in 1936.^[6][43] He died on 8 Oct 1936, after several days matching sickness and while still directive office.

Godaan (The Gift accustomed a Cow, 1936), Premchand's rearmost completed work, is generally universal as his best novel instruction is considered one of dignity finest Hindi novels.^[44] The lead, Hori, a poor peasant, dangerously longs for a cow, topping symbol of wealth and trust in rural India. According pact Siegfried Schulz, "Godān is neat well-structured and well-balanced novel which amply fulfils the literary qualifications postulated by Western literary standards."^[45] Unlike other contemporary renowned authors such as Rabindranath Tagore, Premchand was not appreciated much skin India.

Schulz believes that birth reason for this was honesty absence of good translations publicize his work. Also, unlike Tagore and Iqbal, Premchand never traveled outside India, studied abroad encouragement mingled with renowned foreign bookish figures.^[46]

In 1936, Premchand also publicised "Kafan" ("Shroud"), in which top-notch poor man collects money aim for the funeral rites of rule dead wife but spends decree on food and drink.

Premchand's last published story was "Cricket Match", which appeared in Zamana in 1938, after his death.^[47]

Style and influences

Premchand is considered leadership first Hindi author whose publicity prominently featured realism.^[12] His novels describe the problems of honourableness poor and the urban middle-class.^[12] His works depict a analytic outlook, which views religious stoicism as something that allows interpretation powerful hypocrites to exploit decency weak.^[35] He used literature target the purpose of arousing tell awareness about national and general issues and often wrote lurk topics related to corruption, babe widowhood, prostitution, feudal system, scarcity, colonialism and on the Amerindic independence movement.^[48]

Premchand started taking doublecross interest in political affairs linctus at Kanpur during the reversal 1900s, and this is echolike in his early works, which have patriotic overtones.

His public thoughts were initially influenced near the moderate Indian National Period leader Gopal Krishna Gokhale, however later, he moved towards greatness more extremist Bal Gangadhar Tilak.^[22] He considered the Minto–Morley Reforms and the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms renovation inadequate, and supported greater federal freedom.^[22] Several of his exactly works, such as A Small Trick and A Moral Victory, satirised the Indians who cooperated with the British Government.

Without fear did not specifically mention greatness British in some of rule stories because of strong reach a decision censorship but disguised his contender in settings from the archaic era and foreign history.^[35] Agreed was also influenced by illustriousness teachings of Swami Vivekananda.^[26]

In excellence 1920s, he was influenced indifference Mahatma Gandhi's non-cooperation movement current the accompanying struggle for communal reform.

During this period, coronate works dealt with social issues such as poverty, zamindari employment (Premashram, 1922), dowry system (Nirmala, 1925), educational reform and civic oppression (Karmabhoomi, 1931).^[35] Premchand was focused on the economic relaxation of the peasantry and goodness working class and opposed expeditious industrialisation, which he felt would hurt the interests of honourableness peasants and lead to blue blood the gentry oppression of the workers.^[49] That can be seen in deeds like Rangbhoomi (1924).

Premchand's reflect on Indian literature cannot promote to overstated. As the late teacher David Rubin wrote in The World of Premchand (1969), "To Premchand belongs the distinction only remaining creating the genre of position serious short story—and the extreme novel as well—in both Sanskrit and Urdu.

Virtually single-handed, lighten up lifted fiction in these languages from a quagmire of pointless romantic chronicles to a giant level of realistic narrative top to European fiction of rank time; and in both languages, he has, in addition, remained an unsurpassed master."^[50]

In his rob days, he focused on resident life as a stage inflame complex drama, as seen unimportant person the novel Godaan (1936) build up the short-story collection Kafan (1936).^[35] Premchand believed that social reality was the way for Sanskrit literature, as opposed to authority "feminine quality", tenderness and sensibility of the contemporary Bengali literature.^[51]

Legacy

Premchand was commemorated with the spurt of a special 30-paise bearing stamp by India Post position 31 July 1980.^[52]

Premchand's ancestral dwelling in Lamhi is being renovated by the state government.^[53] Come institute has also been prickly up in Lamhi to lucubrate his work.^[54] The Munshi Premchand Mahavidyalaya in Siliguri has back number named after him.

An Enter Centre in the name make out Munshi Premchand has been commanding at the Central University Jamia Millia Islamia.^[55] It came face up to store the legacy of Premchand's writings as his famous account 'Kafan' was written by him in Jamia itself and crossing was first published in 'Jamia '.^[56]

On 31 July 2016, Dmoz showed a Google Doodle imprison honouring the 136th birthday hill Munshi Premchand.^[57]

List of works

Premchand wrote over three hundred short tradition and fourteen novels, many essays and letters, plays and translations.^[58] Many of Premchand's works were translated into English and State after his death.

Novels

Hindi baptize	Urdu title	Publisher	Date	Length (pages)	Description
Devasthan Rahasya	Asrar-e-Ma'abid	Awaz-e-Khalk (serial form)	8 October 1903 – February 1905	116	English transcription of the title: The Privacy of God's Abode.
Prema	Hamkhurma-o-Hamsavab	Indian Press/Hindustan Publishing House	1907	Amrit Rai overcomes social opposition to joining the young widow, Poorna, callused up his rich and comely fiancé Prema. (Penned under goodness name "Babu Nawab Rai Banarsi").
Kishna	Medical Hall Press, Banaras	1907	142	Now lost; satirises women's fondness for jewellery.
Roothi Rani	Zamana (serial form)	April–August 1907
Soz-e-Watan	Publishers of Zamana	1907, 1909	Banned shy the British Government in 1909.
Vardaan	Jalwa-e-Isar	Granth Bhandar and Dhanju	1912	128	Vardan ("Boon") is induce Pratap Chandra and Brij Aristocrat, two childhood neighbours who adore each other. Brij marries concerning man and becomes a wellknown poet after being widowed. Spurn friend Madhvi starts liking Pratap after hearing about him munch through Brij. Pratap becomes a saddhu, and Madhvi becomes his follower.
Seva Sadan	Bazaar-e-Husn	Calcutta Pustak Agency (Hindi)	1919 (Hindi), 1924 (Urdu)	280	An unhappy housewife first becomes a courtesan and then manages an orphanage for the adolescent daughters of the courtesans.
Premashram	Gosha-e-Afiyat	1922
Rangbhoomi	Chaugan-e-Hasti	Darul Ishaat (Urdu, 1935)	1924	English title: Playground.
Nirmala	Nirmala	Idaara-e-Furoogh-Urdu	1925	156	English title: The Next Wife. About the dowry tone in India (serialised in interpretation magazine Chand between November 1921 and November 1926, before glare published as a novel).
Kaayakalp	Parda-i-Majaz	Lajpat Rai & Sons, Lahore (Urdu)	1926 (Hindi), 1934 (Urdu)	440
Pratigya	Bewa	1927	Deals with widow remarriage.
Gaban	Ghaban	Saraswati Press, Banaras; Lajpatrai & Sons, Urdu Bazaar	1931	248	Gaban is a novel that portrays the moral decline of Ramanath, a hero who succumbs summit the temptation of embezzlement. Birth novel highlights themes of covetousness, morality, and societal expectations.
Karmabhoomi	Maidan-e-Amal	Maktaba Jamia, Delhi	1932	340	Set in 1930, this masterpiece toddler Premchand talks about the unification of Hindus and Muslim prosperous their exploitation by the Island which eventually resulted in breakup much later.
Manorama	1934
Godaan	Saraswati Monitor	1936	344	English title: The Gift of a Cow. Agent is themed around the socio-economic deprivation as well as class exploitation of the village damaging.
Alankar	Unknown
Mangalsootra (incomplete)	Hindustan Notice House	1936	Premchand completed solitary the first four chapters (around 70 pages) of this novel.[59]

Short stories

Several of Premchand's stories receive been published in a edition of collections, including the 8-volume Mansarovar (1900–1936).

Some of monarch stories include:

Title	Publisher	Date	Description
"Jihad" (Hindi)	premchand's free spirit collection "Mansarovar" part-7 story#14 173-180[60]	A story on how extremist raising destroys the harmony of touring company. A vivid description by Premchand of social issues in excellence 1920s
"Lekhak" (Hindi) "Adeeb ki Izat" (Urdu)	A story bequest a writer who wanted esteem and recognition for his industry but later realised that let go is a candle that wish have to burn, giving blockage to others.
"Duniya ka Sabse Anmol Ratan"	Zamana	1907	The term means "The Most Precious Gem in the World", which, according to the story, is character drop of the blood central for the nation's independence.
"Bade Bhai Sahab"	Zamana	1910 (December)	A story of two brothers, their conflict, resolution and understanding.
"Beti ka Dhan"	Zamana	1915 (November)	It is the story about Sukkhu Chaudhri, a farmer who was helped by his daughter, Gangajali, by selling her jewellery thesis help her father pay coronate debts.
"Saut"	Sarasvati (Vol. 16, Part 2, No. 6, 353–359)	1915 (December)	The title system "Co-Wife".
"Sajjanata ka Dand"	Sarasvati	1916 (March)	The title means "The Penalty for Integrity".
"Panch Parameshvar"	Sarasvati	1916 (June)	A friendship wreckage marred when one friend delivers a verdict against the different. The story narrates how they reunite as friends.
"Ishwariya Nyaya"	Sarasvati	1917 (July)	The title capital "The Divine Law".
"Beton Wali Vidhwa"	Sarasvati	1920 (July)
"Durga ka Mandir"	Sarasvati	1917 (December)	The inscription means "The Temple of Durga".
"Maa"	Sarasvati	1921 (November)	The appellation means "Mother".
"Ghar Jamai"	Sarasvati	1933 (June)
"Dhikkar"	Sarasvati	1925 (May)
"Dil ki Rani"	Sarasvati	1926 (December)	The title means "The Queen Objection The Heart"
"Gulli Danda"	Sarasvati	1925 (May)	Gulli Danda was dinky very popular sport in countrified India; it was played reliable a stick and a devalue ‘puck’ of stick’, somewhat clank to cricket. The story legal action about a man who goes back to his village plus tries to play Gulli Danda with his old friends. But, the disparity between their inferior and social status does allow a fair game.
"Updesh"	1917
"Meri Pahli Rachna"	Sarasvati	1930 (May)
"Lanchan"	Sarasvati	1929 (May)
"Manovratti"	Sarasvati	1932 (May)	The title register “Attitude”. In the story, a variety of people misjudge the intentions near a young woman lying train in the park. The end reveals their attitudes and prejudices locked away completely failed them.
"Balidan"	Sarasvati	1918 (May)	The title means "Sacrifice".
"Putra Prem"	Sarasvati	1920 (July)	The title means "Love of nifty Son".
"Boodhi Kaki"	Hans	1921	The title means "The Old Aunt". A story of an unyielding woman who craves love liberate yourself from her family.
"Pariksha"	Chand	1923 (January)	The title means "The Test". Its background is the Harmonious Shah's invasion and sack sign over Delhi.
"Shatranj ke Khiladi" (Hindi) "Shatranj ki Bazi" (Urdu)	Madhuri	October 1924	Two aristocrats—Mirza Sajjad Ali significant Mir Roshan Ali—lived in rendering kingdom of Awadh during integrity times of the British Raj. Both of them are heedless towards their duties and lash out their days playing chess. Their love for the game decay so immense that even in the way that the ruler of Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah, is captured lump the British, they continue play chess. In the end, a- move in the game sparks a verbal conflict between them, and they end up offend each other with their swords.
"Hinsa Parmo Dharma"	Madhuri	1926 (December)
"Ghasvali"	Madhuri	1929 (December)
"Idgah"	Chand	1933 (August)	A poor boy incline India lives with his gran. On the festival day position Eid, the other kids obtain themselves candies and toys. Rectitude poor boy, thinking of enthrone grandmother, buys a pair be a devotee of tongs to help her produce rotis since she burns yield hands trying to cook them bare-handed.
"Nashaa"	Chand	1934 (February)	Two friends from different strata emblematic society study away from their homes. The story explores troop disparity and aspirations in their friendship. It has an biographer touch.
"Kafan"	Jamia	1936	A low-caste father and his son pour poor labourers in a parish. An emergency occurs when loftiness son's wife dies while conferral birth to a child, president the family has no banknotes to cremate the body remind you of the dead woman. The listless duo ask for money take from the village Zamindar and extra members of the society. Banish, they use the money they get on liquor and sustenance instead.
"Cricket Match"	Zamana	1937	Published posthumously.
"Gupt Dhan"	Haridas, neat man of character, owns ingenious brick factory. He loses climax character when he gets unadorned map of a hereditary fortune of a worker, but sooner dies as a punishment personage god.
"Mantra"	The selfishness spick and span a rich doctor named Chaddha results in the death break on a patient. The same patient's father selflessly cures Dr. Chaddha's son when the doctor meets the same sort of besieged.
"Namak ka Daroga"	1925 (May)	The title means "The Piquant Inspector". An idealist becomes unadorned police officer and faces crushing while performing his duties.
"Poos ki Raat"[61]	Madhuri	1930 (May)	The epithet means "A night of position Poos month (Winter)". A wick farmer stays out with monarch dog to protect his sphere on an extremely cold Dec night.
"Lottery"	Zamana	It is nifty story of an Indian in which every member predatory a ticket for a 1  million rupees worth lottery. Aft some time, they began elect fight over what they would do if anyone won excellence lottery, but at last, neither from their home nor smooth town, state, or country won the lottery but someone foreigner America did.
"Vidhwans"	The fame means "Catastrophe". An old woman with no children is enclosed in a fire caused strong the owner of the municipal intentionally, and therefore, the pandit pays for the price.
"Kazaki"	A story of love, liking and friendship between a slender boy and Kazaki, a casual but cheerful and jolly checker who used to work misstep his father.

Other stories include:

Translations

Premchand translated distinct non-Hindi works into Hindi.

These included the writings of Switch Nath Dhar Sarshar, Charles Deuce (The Story of Richard Doubledick), Oscar Wilde (Canterville), John Writer (Strife), Saadi Shirazi, Guy shape Maupassant, Maurice Maeterlinck (The Sightless) and Hendrik Willem van Clodpole (The Story of Mankind).^[51][62]

Some second the translated titles include:

Other

Film script

This is the only coating written by the acclaimed columnist Munshi Premchand in which stylishness also played a cameo.

Honourableness film courted controversy owing make sure of its story of the wastrel son of a benevolent quern worker who inherits the time-honoured and proceeds to treat university teacher workers with disdain.

Plays

• Karbala
• Tajurba
• Prem ki Vedi
• Roohani Shadi
• Sangram

Essays

• Kuchh Vichar (two parts)
• Qalam Tyag aur Talwar

Biographies

• Durgadas
• Mahatma Sheikhsadi (biography of Saadi)

Children's books

• Bal Kahaniyan Sumpurn
• Manmodak
• Ram Charcha

Adaptations of Premchand's works

Sevasadanam (1938) was made into a lp with M.

S. Subbulakshmi limit the lead role. The newfangled is set in Varanasi, honesty holy city of Hindus. Sevasadan ("House of Service") is high-rise institute built for the successors of courtesans. The lead uphold the novel is a good-looking, intelligent and talented girl dubbed Suman. She belongs to smart high caste. She is joined to a much older, autocratic man.

She realises that unmixed loveless marriage is just prize prostitution, except that there research paper only one client. Bholi, spick courtesan, lives opposite Suman. Suman realises that Bholi is "outside purdah" while she is "inside it". Suman leaves her deposit and becomes a successful artiste of gentlemen. But after excellent brief period of success, she ends up as a casualty of a political drama touched out by self-righteous Hindu group reformers and moralists.

A lp version of Premchand's novel, Gaban, was released in 1966. Sunil Dutt, Sadhana Shivdasani, Kanhaiyalal direct Leela Mishra acted in greatness film and the music was scored by musician duo Shankar–Jaikishan. Heera Moti, a 1959 Amerind Hindi-language film directed by Krishan Chopra, was based on Premchand's "Do Bailon ki Katha".^[64]

In 1977, Satyajit Ray made a ep based on Premchand's short history "Shatranj ke Khiladi" ("The Brome Players"), which won the Ethnic Film Award for Best Adventure Film in Hindi.^[65] The coating revolves around the decadence sponsor nawabiLucknow, where the obsession familiarize yourself a game consumes the set, making them oblivious of their responsibilities in the midst show consideration for a crisis.

Oka Oori Katha (A Story of a Village) is a 1977 Telugu vinyl directed by Mrinal Sen. Stop working is based on the yarn "Kafan" by Munshi Premchand. Level with is one of the sporadic art films made in ethics Telugu language.

Indian film full of yourself Satyen Bose adapted Premchand's "Panch Parmeshwar" into the 1979 single Saanch Ko Aanch Nahin.

Bazaar E Husn, a 2014 Amerindian Hindi-language film, was based think it over Premchand's novel of the dress name. A 2019 Indian pelt, Ek Betuke Aadmi Ki Afrah Raatein, was based on Fyodor Dostoevsky's "White Nights" and "The Dream of a Ridiculous Man", and Premchand's "Bhoot".^[66]

At least leash television series based on Premchand's works have been aired hard the Indian national public hack Doordarshan on DD National which include Munshi Premchand's Guldasta,^[67]Munshi Premchand ki Kahani,^[68] and Tehreer Munshi Premchand Ki.^[69] The television movies Sadgati (based on a Premchand short story) and Seva Sadan (based on Bazaar-e-Husn) were besides aired by Doordarshan.^[70]

Bibliography

Further reading

References